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Human Anatomy

Human Anatomy. Central Nervous System CNS Part I. CNS. Consists of 2 anatomical components Brain Spinal cord. The Brain. 3 components A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Brainstem. The Brain. cerebrum. cerebellum. brainstem. Sagittal Brain. cerebrum. brainstem. cerebellum.

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Human Anatomy

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  1. Human Anatomy Central Nervous System CNS Part I

  2. CNS • Consists of 2 anatomical components • Brain • Spinal cord

  3. The Brain • 3 components A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Brainstem

  4. The Brain cerebrum cerebellum brainstem

  5. Sagittal Brain cerebrum brainstem cerebellum

  6. Lateral Brain cerebrum cerebellum brainstem

  7. A. The Cerebrum • Surface forms a series of elevated ridges – gyri (gyrus, sng.) • Surface also has shallow depressions – sulci (sulcus, sng.)

  8. A. The Cerebrum

  9. Central Sulcus

  10. Lateral Sulcus

  11. Longitudinal Fissure LEFT RIGHT

  12. Cerebral Hemispheres • Cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres

  13. Lobes of the Cerebrum

  14. Lobes of the Cerebrum • Four lobes from the surface

  15. Four Lobes of Cerebrum • Frontal • Parietal • Occipital • Temporal

  16. 1. Frontal Lobe Precentral gyrus -- primary motor cortex --control of voluntary skeletal muscle • Anterior to the central sulcus Anterior to central sulcus

  17. 1. Frontal Lobe Brocca’s speech area Involved in speech Located in left frontal lobe for right-handed individuals And many left handed individuals

  18. 1. Frontal Lobe Intellectual functions – predicting consequences of possible actions

  19. 2. Parietal Lobe • Posterior to the central sulcus Postcentral gyrus – Primary sensory cortex Touch pain, temp. taste

  20. 3. Occipital Lobe • Most posterior portion of cerebrum Visual cortex

  21. 4. Temporal Lobe • Inferior to lateral sulcus Auditory cortex

  22. B. The Cerebellum

  23. B. The Cerebellum • 2 cerebellar hemispheres • Functions • Coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments to skeletal muscle • This maintains body balance and equilibrium • Stores memories of learned movement patterns

  24. C. Brainstem Most primitive part of brain

  25. 1. Corpus callosum • Myelinated pathway that connects 2 cerebral hemispheres • Coordinates sensory input with motor activities

  26. 1. Corpus callosum

  27. 2. Thalamus • L&R – near midline

  28. 2. Thalamus

  29. Function of Thalamus • Serve as a relay and switching station for both motor and sensory information • Determines routing and priority

  30. CEREBRUM Thalamus SPINAL CORD

  31. 3. Hypothalamus Just inferior to thalamus

  32. Functions of Hypothalamus • Controls motor functions associated with rage, pleasure, pain and sexual arousal • Regulates hormone secretion of the pituitary gland • Feeding and thirst centers

  33. 4. Medulla oblongata Most primitive Part of the brain ---also most inferior

  34. Functions of medulla oblongata • Regulation of: • Heart rate • Respiration rate • Distribution of blood flow and blood pressure • Connects brain to spinal cord • Ends at foramen magnum

  35. Transition Spinal cord begins at the foramen magnum

  36. The Meninges • Consists of 3 layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord • Functions as a shock absorber to prevent contact w/ surrounding bone (skull and vertebrae) • From superficial to deep: • Dura mater • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater

  37. The Meninges

  38. The Meninges

  39. Dura mater • Most superficial • thickest • 2 layers • Endosteal – in contact with bone • Meningeal – deeper of the 2 layers, in contact with arachnoid mater

  40. Dura Mater Endosteal layer Meningeal layer

  41. Arachnoid mater Middle layer

  42. Pia mater In direct contact with brain and spinal cord

  43. Pia mater Pia mater

  44. Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) Surrounds CNS ---shock absorber

  45. CSF CSF In between 2 layers of dura mater Similar to composition of serum

  46. Epidural and SubduralHemorrhages • Epidural • Bleeding between skull and endosteal layer of meninges • Source of blood is usually torn artery • Artery pressure is high, vein pressure is not as high • Blood builds up in epidural space • Causes compression of brain • Presses brainstem against occipital bone

  47. 1. Epidural Hemorrhage Brainstem controls respiration and heart rate. Compression will cause loss of those functions.

  48. 2. Subdural Hemorrhage • Deep to the meningeal layer of dura mater

  49. 2. Subdural Hemorrhage • Source of blood is usually from torn vein • Vein pressure is not high • Not as acute (not rapid)

  50. Ventricles of the Brain • Fluid-filled cavities within the brain • Filled with CSF • Store CSF – not make it • 4 ventricles

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