3.1 MINERALS

1. 3.1MINERALS

2. WHAT IS A MINERAL? Naturally occurring Inorganic Crystalline structure Solid Fixed chemical composition

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS All minerals contain one or more of the naturally occurring elements (about 90).

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS Earth scientists have identified more than 4000 minerals, but only about 20 of them are common. The common minerals are called rock-forming minerals because they form the rocks making up Earth’s crust. Of the 20 rock-forming minerals, only about half of them are so common they make up 90% of the mass of Earth’s crust.

5. COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERALS Quartz Halite Biotite Mica Calcite Orthoclase (Potassium) Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Muscovite Mica Gypsum Amphibole Pyroxene Dolomite Olivine

6. MINERAL GROUPS • Silicate Minerals • Minerals containing a combination of the two most common elements in Earth’s crust, Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O). • Make up 96% of the Earth’s crust. • The basic building block of silicate minerals is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, SiO4. • Non-silicate Minerals • Minerals not containing a combination of Si and O. • Make up remaining 4% of Earth’s crust. - Native Elements - Sulfates - Oxides - Sulfides - Carbonates - Halides Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

7. CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE • All minerals in Earth’s crust have a crystalline structure. • A crystal is a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. • Each type of mineral crystal is characterized by a specific geometric arrangement of atoms. • Scientists can study a mineral’s crystals by using X-rays. • The X-rays pass through a crystal and strike a photographic plate producing an image showing the geometric arrangement of the atoms.

8. SILICATE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE • Silicon-oxygen tetrahedra combine in different arrangements to form different silicate minerals. • This is due to the kinds of bonds forming between the oxygen atoms of the tetrahedra and other atoms. • The oxygen atoms may be shared with neighboring tetrahedra or form with other elements outside of the tetrahedra. • There are 6 kinds of arrangements tetrahedra form: 1. Isolated 4. Double-chain 2. Ring 5. Sheet 3. Single-chain 6. Framework

9. SILICATE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE Example: Olivine Example: Amphibole Example: Beryl Example: Mica Example: Pyroxene Example: Quartz, Feldspars

10. NON-SILICATE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE • Non-silicate minerals have a diverse chemical composition, thus displaying a vast variety of crystalline structures. • Common ones include: 1. Cubes 2. Hexagonal prisms 3. Irregular masses • The crystal structure of non-silicates determine their characteristics. • Example: Native elements, like Gold (Au), have very high densities because their crystal structures are based on the packing of atoms as close together as possible, known as close-packing. Gold

11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS The physical properties of minerals include: COLOR FRACTURE STREAK HARDNESS LUSTER CRYSTAL SYSTEM CLEAVAGE DENSITY SPECIAL PROPERTIES

12. COLOR • Not a reliable clue for identifying minerals. • The same mineral can come in a variety of colors. • For example: Quartz Rose Quartz Milky Quartz Crystalline Quartz Amethyst Quartz

13. STREAK The color of a mineral in powdered form is known as its streak. Determined by rubbing a mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain known as a streak plate.

14. LUSTER The way the surface of a mineral reflects light is known as its luster. When you say an object is shiny or dull, that’s luster! • If a mineral is shiny like a metal, it is considered metallic. • If a mineral is dull, it is considered to be non-metallic. Galena Hematite

15. LUSTER • Non-metallic lusters include: • Vitreous (glassy) • Silky (fiber-like) • Resinous (plastic-looking) Quartz Satin Spar Gypsum Orange Garnet

16. LUSTER • Waxy (greasy) • Adamantine (diamond-like) • Earthy (Earth-like) • Pearly (pearl-like) Jade Diamond Limonite Muscovite Mica

17. CLEAVAGE • The splitting of minerals along smooth, flat planes is known as cleavage. • Determined using the “sandwich” rule. • Different types include: • Basal (1 plane) • Prismatic (2 planes) • Rhombohedral (3 planes NOT at right angles) • Cubic (3 planes at right angles) • Octahedral (4 planes) • Dodecahedral (6 planes) Mica – Basal Cleavage (1 plane) Barite – Prismatic Cleavage (2 planes) Calcite – Rhombohedral Cleavage (3 planes not at right angles) Halite – Cubic Cleavage (3 planes at right angles) Fluorite – Octahedral Cleavage (4 planes) Sphalerite – Dodecahedral Cleavage (6 planes)

18. FRACTURE • The breaking of minerals unevenly along curved, irregular, or other-shaped surfaces is known as fracture. • Different types include: • Conchoidal(curved) • Irregular (uneven) • Fibrous (splintery) • Hackly (jagged-edged) Quartz – Conchoidal Fracture Aerinite – Irregular Fracture Serpentine – Fibrous Fracture Iron – Hackly Fracture

19. HARDNESS A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is considered its hardness. To determine hardness, scientists use Moh’s Hardness Scale. 6.5 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 Fredrich Mohs

20. CRYSTAL SYSTEM • A mineral crystal forms in one of six basic systems. • Include: • Isometric (Cubic) • Tetragonal • Hexagonal • Orthorhombic • Monoclinic • Triclinic Isometric Tetragonal Hexagonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic Triclinic

22. DENSITY • The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance is called density. • Usually measured in g/cm3. Most of the common minerals in Earth’s crust have densities between 2 and 3 g/cm3. • Water has a density of 1.0 g/cm3 and is used a reference point for other substances. • The ratio of an object’s density to the density of water is called its specific gravity.

23. SPECIAL PROPERTIES • Some minerals have to ability to glow under ultraviolet (UV) light and exhibit fluorescence. • Some continue to glow after the UV light is turned off and this is known as phosphorescence. • Some minerals will effervesce, or “fizz”, when a drop of a weak acid (such as HCl) is placed on it. • Calcite has a special property known as double refraction, when light is bent causing an image to be doubled. Calcite and Willemite Chalk Calcite

24. SPECIAL PROPERTIES • Magnetite and Pyrrhotite are naturally magnetic minerals attracting iron. • Non-silicate minerals containing iron are more likely to be magnetic than others without iron. • Some minerals exhibit a distinct taste, such as Halite (table salt). • Some minerals are radioactive and can be detected using a Geiger Counter device. • Radioactivity results as unstable nuclei decay over time into stable nuclei by releasing particles and energy. Magnetite Halite Geiger Counter

25. SPECIAL PROPERTIES • In reflected light, some minerals display a silky band known as chatoyancy. • Commonly called the “Cat’s Eye Effect”. • Comes from the French word chat meaning “cat” and oiel meaning “eye”. • It is the result of closely packed parallel fibers within the mineral. • A similar effect called asterism, is the phenomenon in which a six-sided star shape appears when a mineral reflects light. Chalcedony Quartz Cabochon Corundum