Britannia STAGE 13 CULTURE

1. BritanniaSTAGE 13CULTURE The British Tribes The Roman Conquest Romanization Britain about the year 10 CE, showing the Brythonic tribes in green.

2. The Britons (sometimes Brythons or British) were the P-Celtic speaking people inhabiting the island of Great Britain south of the river Forth. They were speakers of the Brythonic languages (also called P-Celtic) and shared common cultural traditions; the surviving P-Celtic languages are Welsh, Cornish, & Breton. The inhabitants of Ireland were Gaels or Gaelic Celts. lead Iceni Tribe Camulodunum (location of Claudius’ temple) Londonium Cantiaci Tribe iron Noviomagus Fishbourne Castle gold tin Britain about the year 10 CE, showing the Brythonic tribes in green.

3. The British Tribes The Celts • Celts - term which describes a variety of groups of people • Their kingdoms ranged from small tribal chiefdoms to huge regional superpowers • Their houses were round in Britain but square in Gaul • There were at least 5 main variants of their shared Celtic language (from which Irish, Scots Gaelic and Welsh are derived). Their language does define these people though and the most satisfactory definition of "Celts" is "people who spoke one of the Celtic languages.” • Used iron weapons • Were ruled by a king or queen • Tribe was led by a chieftain or wealthy landowner.

4. The British Tribes The Celts • Celtic religion was led by Druid priests who • Acted as judges in disputes • Kept the oral tradition, history, & knowledge in the tribe • Worshiped Celtic gods in woodland ceremonies which sometimes included human sacrifice • The Romans were tolerant of Celtic gods and their religion. Some of the Celtic gods were given Roman clothing and vestments & assimilated into the Roman pantheon of gods.

5. The Lindow Man & the Triple Deathp. 13

6. The Roman Conquest • Julius Caesar was 1st Roman general to order & lead a campaign into Britain in 55 BC. • J. Caesar made another brief campaign into Britain in 54 BC but his armies were soon needed in Gaul. • He was assassinated in March of 44 BC and his great-nephew, Augustus, became Rome’s 1st emperor. • Rome’s 4th emperor, Claudius, ordered another invasion into Rome in 43 AD because he needed a military success to prove himself worthy. • A temple commemmorating Claudius’ invasion of Britain was built at Camulodunum. • Although some British tribes resisted the Roman invasion, 11 British kings surrendered to Claudius’s general, AulusPlautius, who became Rome’s new province’s 1st governor. • “From then on, Roman officials would enforce Roman law and collect Roman taxes. Romans would be able to buy land in Britain and use it for agriculture or mining. The Roman army…would be present to keep the peace.” (13).

7. RomanizationGnaeus Julius Agricola: Britain’s Most Famous Governor • Agricola governed for 7 years (78-85 AD), during the time of our stories. • He led his army against invading tribes & put an end to the Scottish resistance in 84 AD at the Battle of Mons Graupiusin Scotland. • Son in law was the famous Roman historian, Tacitus • Agricola wanted to provide Britons with the comforts of civilization and taught them to love the Latin language, which became the official language of business, law, and commerce. • Romans built towns and forums on traditional Roman grid pattern and roads for the use of soldiers. • Romans were in Britain for nearly 400 years.

8. Gaius SalviusLiberalis • Appointed Senator by Emperor Vespasian (Rome’s 6th emperor) in AD 78 • Appointed member of the prestigious Arval Brotherhood , which performed religious rites and prayed for the Roman emperor. • Placed in charge of a Legion (4,000-5,000 soldiers) • Assisted Agricola; main tasks were supervising law courts, looking after southern part of province, & ensuring money was regularly sent to the emperor