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MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. * Childhood-adolescence * Adulthood * Older adulthood. Physical Activity vs. Exercise. “Any [voluntary] bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in caloric expenditure” Casperson (1989)

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MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

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  1. MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY * Childhood-adolescence * Adulthood * Older adulthood

  2. Physical Activity vs. Exercise • “Any [voluntary] bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in caloric expenditure” Casperson (1989) • Physical activity has two major components: behavior and movement • “Exercise is any physical activity that is characterized by being planned, involving structure, and having the objective of improving fitness” Pate, et. al (1995)

  3. Physical Activity and Disease • The major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the 21st century are lifestyle-related • Tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, diet, physical activity • Cardiovascular disease, Type II diabetes, stroke, cancer, obesity, osteoporosis, hypertension • Called “hypokinetic” diseases

  4. RISK FACTORS FOR CHD • High serum cholesterol • High blood pressure • Smoking • Lack of Exercise • Obesity

  5. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL HEALTH • Improves function of lungs and circulatory system • Greater elasticity in the lungs • Delays onset of aging • Increases red blood cell production • Maintains BP in normotensives and lowers BP in hypertensives • Quicker recovery time from strenuous activity

  6. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL HEALTH • Strengthens the heart muscle • Lowers pulse rate • Burns calories • Accelerates the speed and efficiency of food absorbtion • Tones muscles • Increases endurance • Improves posture

  7. EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL HEALTH • Decreases low-density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol) • Increases high-density lipoproteins (good cholesterol)

  8. PSYCHOLOGICAL Increases self-esteem Increases self-confidence Feel more alert and able Reduces depression and anxiety Better able to manage stress SOCIOLOGICAL More positively perceived by others More productive worker Satisfies need for affiliation and belonging PSYCHOLOGICAL & SOCIOLOGICAL BENEFITS

  9. Why Measure Physical Activity? • Physical activity has been linked to positive health outcomes • Evidence of CHD has been found in children as young as 7 years of age • Obesity has risen to epidemic proportions • There is a relationship between physical activity and psychological indicators such as self-esteem in children and adolescents

  10. Why Measure Physical Activity? • Maintains functional ability in older adults • Retards the decline in strength associated with aging • Helps older adults maintain balance and motor ability, thereby reducing the risk of falls • Improves quality of life

  11. QUALITY OF LIFE Average Life Expectancy 73.7 Years Years of “Healthy Life” 62.0 Years Years of “Dysfunctional” Life 11.7 Years

  12. PRINCIPLES OF EXERCISE • Frequency • Intensity • Time (duration) • Type (mode)

  13. F.I.T.T. PRINCIPLE • Frequency: 3-4 days per week (more is better) • Intensity: 65-85% of your Target Heart Rate • Time (duration): 20-30 minutes (excluding warm-up and cool-down) • Type (mode): the exercise should be specific to the type of improvement you are trying to make

  14. Measuring Physical Activity • Passive: No extra effort required by the participant • Active: Participant is required to record something or complete something • Objective: Uses equipment that provides hard data • Subjective: Requires a judgment on the part of the observer or participant to arrive at a score

  15. Physical Activity Diary Classification: Active, subjective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Mode, Context, Total Advantages: Done during the activity or shortly thereafter; Allows measurement of patterns of physical activity Limitations: Gets to be a bother for the participant; Social desirability; Accuracy of recall; Reactivity

  16. Recall Questionnaire Classification: Active, subjective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Mode, Context, Total Advantages: Self-administered or completed by proxy (parent, guardian); Reactivity is less of an issue; inexpensive for large-scale administrations (e.g. public health studies) Limitations: Accuracy of recall

  17. Motion Sensors Examples: Pedometers, accelerometers Classification: Passive, Objective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Total Advantages: Relatively unobtrusive; Can measure physical activity in natural settings; Costs vary; Data are objective and reliable; Relatively easy to use; Output provides feedback and motivation to participants; Data can be downloaded to computer for more complex analyses Limitations: Only good for activities where you have forward motion; Not sensitive to changes in energy expenditure due to incline or environment; Some are expensive and fragile; Forgetting to put it on; Can fall off; Reset buttons may be hit accidentally

  18. Heart Rate Monitors Classification: Passive, Objective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Total Advantages: Relatively unobtrusive; Can measure physical activity in natural settings; Based upon the proven relationship between HR and VO2; Costs vary; Data are objective and reliable Limitations: Expense; HR is influenced by factors other than physical activity (e.g. stress, environment)

  19. Doubly Labeled Water Classification: Passive, Objective Outcome Data: Total Advantages: Most accurate (gold standard) measurement of total energy expenditure; Can measure energy expenditure over several days; Unobtrusive; Data collection can be made non-invasively; Data are objective and reliable Limitations: Very expensive ($900-1,000 per test); Lab results take time; Does not provide information on frequency, intensity, duration, mode or context of physical activity

  20. Direct Observation Classification: Passive, Subjective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Mode, Context, Total Advantages: Provides complete information on all aspects of physical activity; Trained observers evaluate physical activity more objectively than participants; Physical activity is rated as it occurs so it is better than recall Limitations: Accuracy is dependent on the ability and training of the rater; Costly; More intrusive (can cause reactivity); Can monitor only short periods of time; Inter-rater reliability is a constant problem

  21. Calorimetry Classification: Passive, Objective Outcome Data: Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Total Advantages: Relatively unobtrusive; Provides extremely accurate estimates of energy expenditure Limitations: Cost; Highly technical; Must be done in a laboratory; Artificial, i.e. does not reproduce real-life overground running, cycling, walking

  22. Measuring Physical Activity in Children • Activity is intermittent and of shorter duration (15-60 seconds) • Rest periods are shorter (less than 5 minutes) • Record data every 5 seconds or so • Children tend to overestimate physical activity on self-report instruments • 24-hour recall instruments are best (Previous Day Physical Activity Recall; ACTIVITYGRAM)

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