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Unit 4 Part 2: World War II and The Holocaust.
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Unit 4 Part 2: World War II and The Holocaust 7-4.5 Summarize the causes and course of World War II, including drives for empire, appeasement and isolationism, the invasion of Poland, the Battle of Britain, the invasion of the Soviet Union, the “Final Solution,” the Lend-Lease program, Pearl Harbor, Stalingrad, the campaigns in North Africa and the Mediterranean, the D-Day invasion, the island-hopping campaigns, and the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 7-4.6 Analyze the Holocaust and its impact on European society and Jewish culture, including Nazi policies to eliminate the Jews and other minorities, the Nuremberg trials, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the rise of nationalism in Southwest Asia (Middle East), the creation of the state of Israel, and the resultant conflicts in the region.
Axis (Major Powers) Allies (Major Powers) Great Britain Soviet Union United States France • Germany • Italy • Japan Who was Involved?
ALLIES Great Britain – Winston Churchill Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt/ Harry S. Truman (France was occupied in 1940) AXIS Germany – Adolf Hitler Italy – Benito Mussolini Japan – Hirohito / Tojo Alliances
Where was the war fought? Pacfic Theater Eastern Theater
Causes of World War II • There were 3 main causes to World War II: • Military aggression displayed by Germany, Italy, and Japan • Anger over the Treaty of Versailles • The Great Depression
The Treaty of Versailles and The Great Depression • Germany, Italy, and Japan all wanted to establish empires and no one did anything to stop them. • Italy was angry with the Treaty of Versailles because they were not awarded with a large amount of land. • Germany was devastated by WWI and very angry over the War Guilt Clause in the Treaty of Versailles.
The high cost of reparations, the loss of territory, and the aftermath of war led to the Great Depression, which led to people’s anger over the government—This led to the rise of Adolf Hitler.
Military Aggression • In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in Africa. • The League of Nations protested the attack but did nothing to stop them. • The League of Nations also failed to stop Hitler or Mussolini from building up their militaries and occupying other lands.
Germany and Italy helped Francisco Franco win the Spanish Civil War in 1936. This set up a Fascist government in Spain. • At the same time, the US declared a policy of isolationism by passing Neutrality Acts that would not allow the US to loan money or sell weapons to countries at war.
Appeasement Fails • Great Britain and France believed a policy of appeasement would prevent a war. • Appeasement-meeting another country’s demands in order to avoid war • Hitler began taking over land to unite all German-speaking people. • He started with Austria (his home country).
Hitler demanded the Sudetenland (a part of Czechoslovakia that had mostly German-speaking people). • In 1938, Adolf Hitler met with the leaders of Britain and France at the Munich Conference. • He told them if they would let him have the Sudetenland, he would not take over any more land—They agreed.
Hitler went ahead and invaded Czechoslovakia and then Italy invaded Albania in Africa. • On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland. • Britain and France declared war on Germany.
Japanese Aggression • Japan was engaging in military aggression in Asia as it was trying to build a large empire. • Japanese leaders felt they needed a large empire to get raw materials at a cheap price. • Japan had attacked Manchuria and later attacked China.
Blitzkrieg-Lightning War --Poland (1939)
Important Battles in Europe • World War II had 2 theaters (fronts) of fighting: European and Pacific (Asia). • The Germans carried out a blitzkrieg, or lightning war, against Poland. • A blitzkrieg means that Germany was carrying out attacks in every direction, using planes and attacks on land.
In 1939, Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin shocked the world when they both signed the Non-Aggression Pact (They agreed to not attack each other and to split Poland onGermany later attacked).
Germany later attacked Denmark and Norway. • France surrendered to the Germans in 1940.
Hitler’s Major Blunder The Germans invaded France in May 1940. Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk and found themselves trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel. The British sent every boat they could get across the English Channel to pick up troops off the beaches of Dunkirk.
Miracle at Dunkirk The event at Dunkirk is called a miracle because the retreating allies had lost hope and then the British pulled through for them and rescued 338,000 men.
Hitler then focused on attacking Great Britain. • During the Battle of Britain (1940-1941), the German Air Force repeatedly bombed Britain. • The British used radar to prepare for attacks and had technology that allowed them to decode German messages. • Winston Churchill, Britain’s Prime Minister, vowed to “never surrender” to the Germans. • Hitler was forced to focus attacks on other nations.
Nazi Dominance in Europe • By 1940 Germany had taken over most of Europe including France and Hitler set his sights on Britain • Britain stood as the only opposition to Hitler in Western Europe • Battle Of Britain – Every night through the summer and fall the Germans bombed London • http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/battleofbritain/11428.shtml (Luftwaffe) trying to break the British will to resist and destroy the RAF (Royal Air Force) ** 40,000 Londoners were killed and 1 in 6 left homeless*
Winston Churchill • “We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills: WE SHALL NEVER SURRENDER.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQ0fGS01Pdg- Narnia
Fighting took place in North Africa and in the Balkan region of Europe. • Germany wanted to control the Suez Canal in Egypt to have quick access to the oil-rich Middle East. • The Axis Powers defeated Yugoslavia and Greece in 1941. • Adolf Hitler broke his pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
Germany was unsuccessful in the Soviet Union. • In the invasion alone, Germany lost 500,000 men when they tried to take over the cities of Leningrad and Moscow.
USA Tries to Remain Neutral • The US Congress passed Neutrality Acts in both 1935 and 1937. • Franklin D. Roosevelt realized the US needed to be involved in the war in order to prevent a Nazi takeover of Europe. • In 1939, Congress changed the neutrality policy by allowing the US to sell weapons to the Allies that were paid for with cash and transported by Allied ships (Cash and Carry Policy).
The Cash and Carry Policy didn’t help the Allies enough, so Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. • The Lend-Lease Act allowed Roosevelt to lend or lease (allow others to borrow money from the US to pay for supplies) weapons and other supplies to countries that were important to the US.
“Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 millionThe amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
The Pacific Theater in Asia • Japan invaded French Indochina in 1941 and as a result the US placed an oil embargo on Japan. (The US would not let Japan buy oil.) • Japan was angry over the embargo, so on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, a US Naval Base in Hawaii. • Congress declared war on Japan the next day. • The Allied Powers included: Britain, France, the Soviet Union, the US, and China.
The Japanese moved quickly throughout the islands in the Pacific by taking over Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, and Burma. • The tide begin to turn in favor of the United States in 1942. • The US defeated Japan in the Battle of the Coral Sea, which saved Australia from a Japanese invasion.
Next, the US defeated Japan in the Battle of Midway by damaging hundreds of Japanese planes and all aircraft carriers (big ships that carry planes). • After this battle, the US began island-hopping (taking over islands and making their way closer to the main islands of Japan). • Island-hopping saved many American lives.
At the Battle of Guadalcanal, the US launched their first offensive against Japan (US attacked Japan). • This battle was a land, air, and sea attack.
The European Theater • By the end of 1942, the tide was turning in favor of the Allies in the Mediterranean and along the Eastern Front (Soviet Union). • The Allied forces were led by American General Dwight Eisenhower, who defeated German General Erwin Rommel’s forces in North Africa.
The Germans were also defeated by the Soviet Union in the Battle of Stalingrad in February 1943. • The Soviet army was pushing the Germans from the east while the British and American forces were conquering Sicily, Italy in 1943. • The Allies entered Rome, Italy in 1944. • Mussolini was killed by his own men in 1945.
