https://youtube/watch?v=Dv_Gussoya8&t=121s

1. Today’s Objectives: 1) Investigate the causes, actions, and consequences of the Crusades; 2) Perceive the Crusades through the eyes of a knight. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dv_Gussoya8&t=121s

2. Review • Commercial Revolution – people in Western Europe are coming out of isolation! • Civilizations elsewhere were thriving – including Islam civlizations!

3. The Rise of Islam • Birthplace of Islam: Saudi Arabia • Muslims controlled Palestine, the land where Jesus Christ lived • Christian warriors want to reclaim their holy land from Muslim rule

8. Intro to the Crusades: The Turkish Invasion • The Seljuks, a Turkish tribe, invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1095. • The Seljuks were Muslims, but the emperor of Byzantium (Alexius I) was Christian…

9. Pope Urban II calls for a crusade… • Emperor Alexius asks Pope Urban II to help him get rid of the Muslims. • Urban sees this as an opportunity to: • 1) Spread Christianity • 2) Stop knights from fighting one another • 3)End schism

10. Pope Urban calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land:

11. The Knights and the Crusades • See crusades as a religious obligation • Offers them a chance for glory and wealth • Adventure • Escape other troubles • Creates unity as knights fight a common enemy – the Muslims

12. Weapons and Methods • Crossbow: 350-450 yards • Catapult • Battering ram • Dig underground and light wall on fire • Try climbing walls, but were often doused with boiling liquids • Built staircases (siege towers) to push against the walls

13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckKMPyDDKq0

14. The population of the holy city was put to the sword, and the Franks spent a week massacring Muslims. They killed more than seventy thousand people in the al-Aqsa Mosque. Many people were killed. The Jews had gathered in their synagogue and the Franks burned them alive. They also destroyed monuments of saints and the tomb of Abraham, may peace be upon him!

15. Primary Sources “The inhabitants of Antioch soon heard great guffaws of laughter, followed by muffled whistles. Then the fearfully mutilated severed heads of the Aleppans, hurled by catapults, began to rain down. A deathly silence gripped the city.”

16. In Ma’arra our troops boiled pagan adults in cooking-pots; they impaled children on spits and devoured them grilled... All those who were well-informed about the Franks saw them as beasts superior in courage and fighting ardor but in nothing else, just as animals are superior in strength and aggression.

17. The Jews, seeing that their Christian enemies were attacking them and their children, and that they were sparing no age, likewise fell upon one another, brother, children, wives, and sisters, and thus they perished at each other's hands. Horrible to say, mothers cut the throats of nursing children with knives and stabbed others, preferring them to perish thus by their own hands rather than to be killed by the weapons of the uncircumcised.

18. (After surrounding the enemies camp with fire)The fires burned vigorously and the smoke from the fires was great; and this, together with the heat of the sun above them caused them discomfort and great harm. Saladin had commanded caravans of camels loaded with water from the Sea of Tiberias to be brought up and had water pots placed near the camp. The water pots were then emptied in view of the Franks so that they should have still greater anguish through thirst, and their mounts too

19. They circumcise the Christians, and the blood of the circumcision they either spread upon the altars or pour into the vases of the baptisimal font. When they wish to torture people by a base death, they perforate their navels, and dragging forth the extremity of the intestines, bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the victim around until the viscera having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon the ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. Others they compel to extend their necks and then, attacking them with naked swords, attempt to cut through the neck with a single blow. What shall I say of the abominable rape of the women? To speak of it is worse than to be silent.

20. The First Crusade: 1096-1099 • European success • Muslims are taken by surprise • Established Christian States on a strip of Holy Land • Capture Jerusalem and Antioch, killing everyone in sight

23. Muslim Counter-Crusade • Christians launch a second crusade when Muslims recapture lost territory but lose. • Muslim general Saladin launches a jihad to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. • Saladin was not an Arab or a Turk, but a Kurdfrom Northern Iraq.

25. Third Crusade: 1189 - 1192 • Led by King Richard “the Lion-Hearted” of England • Christians not able to capture Jerusalem • Truce is settled: Muslims control Holy Lands and Christians are free to visit their shrines.

26. Fourth Crusade: 1202-1204 • Never reaches the Holy Land at all • Ends up in Constantinople (Byzantine capital) • Constantinople is left in ruins; art and treasures are stolen • Crusades end in 1291 when Muslims control all Holy Land.

27. Effects of the Crusades 1) New goods • Sugar, rice, melon, cotton, perfume, and spices 2) Revival of trade • Asian spices and fabrics • Italian woolen cloth, wine, and leather 3) New industry • Factories develop • Soap, weapons, paper, metal tools, glassmaking

28. Crusades Diary Entry A Crusading Knight Intro: You are one of the best knights of your era – a skillful, chivalrous warrior who will fight for both his lord and his God. The pope has asked you to embark on a crusade and vow to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims. As you head east to the Holy Land, you begin to document your trip whenever you have a chance to stop to rest and eat. Task: Create two journal entry (six sentences minimum each) from the perspective of a Christian knight: one before he leaves on his journey and one after he has reached the Holy Land. Use the map of the Crusades to help you. After writing all the entries, you should have included the following information: • From where did your crusade begin? • What year is it? • Do you have a family? How do you feel about leaving them? • What are you reasons for going on the crusade? What do you hope to accomplish? • What happened during your battle with the Muslims? • What was the outcome of your crusade? Was it successful? • What new goods did you discover while in the East? You may choose any Crusade. Refer to your notes to maintain historical accuracy. You made add any creative details, as long as they do not contradict any of the history that you have learned. Write your journal entries on lined paper – be neat! Be sure to proof-read your work for spelling, grammar, and logic. Be sure to write the date above each entry.

29. Review Questions • 1) What were the motives behind the Crusades? • 2) Were the Crusades successful from a Christian perspective? Explain. • 3) Were the Crusades successful from a Muslim perspective? Explain. • 4) What economic effects did the Crusades have on Europe?