Urinary, Reproductive, and Development Systems

1. Urinary, Reproductive, and Development Systems

2. Urinary System Function: help keep the body in homeostasis by controlling the composition and volume of blood by removing and restoring selected amounts of water and solutes

3. kidneys - the paired organs that remove waste products and stabilize both the volume and composition of the plasma within the blood ureters - pairedmuscular tubes that transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder urinary bladder - the storage organ for urine urethra - a single tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder out the body

4. Nephron – Functional unit of the kidney afferent arteriole  renal corpuscle ( containing glomerulus)  efferent arteriole OR proximal convoluted tubule  loop of henle distal convoluted tubule  collecting duct

5. Reproductive System Function of Reproductive System: to perpetuate the species Gonads - reproductive organs, male - testes and female - ovaries

6. Male reproductive system - responsible for the production of hormones and the formation, nutrition, storage, transport, and delivery of the male gamete - sperm Testes Epididymis Ductus (vas) deferens Spermatic cord Seminal vesicles Prostrate gland Bulbourethral glands Urethra Penis

7. Female reproductive system - responsible for the production of hormones and the formation, support, transport, and delivery of the female gamete - ovum. Additionally, the female reproductive system protects and supports the developing embryo and nourishes the growing fetus ovaries uterine tubes: fallopian tubes or oviducts,fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus Uterus: body,cervix Vagina

8. Development terms spermatazoa (sperm)– deliver paternal chromosome to ovum ovum (egg) – provides nourishment and maintenance of embryo as well as contributing maternal chromosomes fertilization – fusion of two haploid (half normal # of chromosomes) gametesproducing a diploid (normal # of chromosomes) zygote.

9. Fertilization normally occurs in ampulla of uterine tube. • Spermatozoa travel from vagina to ampulla. • Only 1 spermatozoa penetrates to fertilize ovum. • Nucleus of ovum and sperm in fertilized egg are male and female pronucleus which fuse to produce one nucleus (zygote). • Zygote starts dividing (cleavage) in uterine tube, implants in endometrium (glandular inner lining) of uterus, continues dividing to produce embryo (fertilization to 3 months) then fetus (3 months to delivery).

10. placenta –structure that permits diffusion between fetal and maternal circulatory systems umbilical cord – connecting stalk between fetus and placenta NOTE – uterus and fetus push many abdominal organs out of normal position during development

11. Fetal Circulation • Blood travels from the mother to the placenta then to the fetusthrough the umbilical vein to the ductusvenosus(a shunt to bypass the liver and directly enter the IVC), then to the IVC and into the RA. From the RA blood travels either to: • the foramen ovale (opening b/t atria) to the LA to the LV then through theaorta • 2) the RV to the pulmonary trunk to either: • the lungs and then back to the LA to the LV and then to theaorta • b) through the ductusarteriosus (a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch in the fetus) and then to the aorta

12. Once blood enters the aorta it either travels through: • systemic circulation • 2) the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries back to the placenta

13. Birth Stages • full term pregnancy – fetus in uterus, cervix closed • dilation stage – fetus in uterus, cervix open, amnion ruptures (water breaks) • expulsion stage – fetus in uterus, start of head passage • expulsion stage – fetus in uterus, end of head passage • placental stage – ejection of placenta from uterus, note umbilical cord containing umbilical artery (blue) and vein (red)