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Respiratory and Urinary Systems

Respiratory and Urinary Systems. Ridding the body of waste products. Respiratory System. Respiratory System—Function. To supply oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide from the blood Filter, warm, and humidify air Some organs influence speech and smell. Respiratory tracts.

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Respiratory and Urinary Systems

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  1. Respiratory and Urinary Systems Ridding the body of waste products

  2. Respiratory System Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  3. Respiratory System—Function • To supply oxygen to the blood while removing carbon dioxide from the blood • Filter, warm, and humidify air • Some organs influence speech and smell Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  4. Respiratory tracts • Upper tract of respiratory system includes: • Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx • Lower tract of respiratory system includes: • Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  5. Respiratory Organs • Nose • Only externally visible part of the RS • Air enters body through the nares (nostrils) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  6. Nose con’t: • Left and right nasal cavities are separated by the nasal septum • Surface of nasal cavities are warm and moist. • Nasal hairs help remove debris and create a “current” sweeping the debris to the stomach where it is destroyed Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  7. Nose con’t: • Olfactory nerve receptors responsible for smell lie in the nasal mucosa • 4 paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavities • Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  8. Nose con’t: • The sinuses are used to: • Assist with mucus production • Lighten the skull • Provide resonant chambers for sound production • 2 nasolacrimal ducts (drain tears from eyes) drain into the nose as well. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  9. Respiratory organs • Pharynx = throat • Muscular passageway ~13cm (5”) long • Air and food use this hallway to get to their proper corridor • Food travels from oropharynx to laryngopharynx to esophagus • Air travels from nasopharynx to oropharynx to laryngopharynx to larynx Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  10. Pharynx con’t: • Right and left auditory (Eustachian) tubes open into the pharynx • Masses of lymphatic tissue (tonsils) found here • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) found in the upper area of the pharynx Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  11. Respiratory organs • Larynx = Voicebox • Composed of several pieces of hyaline (rigid) cartilage • Epiglottis covers opening of larynx: trapdoor • 2 fibrous bands (vocal cords) stretch across interior of larynx • Space between vocal cords: glottis Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  12. Respiratory organs • Trachea = Windpipe • ~11cm (4”) long • Lined with ciliated mucosa which beat OPPOSITE of air flow to move debris away from lungs • Smoking inhibits (and eventually destroys) these cilia—debris will enter lungs more frequently and have to be coughed out. (Smoker’s cough) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  13. Respiratory organs • Primary Bronchi • Formed by division of trachea • Branch into right and left lungs • Bronchioles • Smallest conducting passageways for air to travel Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  14. Respiratory organs • Alveoli—resemble bunches of grapes • Make up the bulk of the lungs • Walls of each alveolus are composed of a layer of epithelial cells (thinner than a piece of tissue paper) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  15. Alveoli con’t: • External surface of each alveolus is covered with a network of capillaries to enable gas exchange • A surfactant covers each alveolus to prevent it from collapsing as air goes in and out. This surfactant is secreted very shortly before birth, which is why premature babies have breathing issues! Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  16. Respiratory organs • Lungs—weigh about 2 ½ # • Occupy entire thoracic cavity except for the most central area • Apex (top) of each lung lies just deep to the clavicle Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  17. Lungs con’t: • Base of each lung rests on the diaphragm • Right side has 3 lobes, left side has 2 lobes Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  18. Respiratory organs • Pleura • Visceral pleura covers outer surface of lungs and parietal pleura lines inner surfaces of rib cage Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  19. Pleura con’t: • Interpleural spacenormally holds just enough fluid to help make it slippery • This slippery surface allows lungs to glide inside the chest cavity Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  20. Pleura con’t: • if air gets in, it will cause additional pressure and lung collapses. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  21. Physiology of Respiration • Respiration is made up of 4 distinct events • Pulmonary ventilation—breathing air into/out of lungs • Inspiration: diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract which opens the thoracic cavity. This causes a vacuum and air rushes into lungs • Expiration: normally a passive process. As the muscles relax, the thoracic cavity becomes smaller so that air is “forced” out of lungs Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  22. Physiology con’t: • External respiration—gas exchange between blood and the alveoli via the capillaries surrounding the alveoli (takes place in the lungs) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  23. Physiology con’t: • Respiratory gas exchange (Circulatory system function)—O2/CO2 must be transported to/from the lungs and cells of body • Internal respiration (Circulatory system function)—gas exchange made at the capillaries Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  24. Respiratory Definitions • Tidal volume (normal breath)--~500 ml in and out • Vital capacity—largest amount of expelled air in one expiration (~4800 in a normal male) • Inspiratory reserve volume—volume of air forcibly inhaled after inhaling tidal volume Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  25. Respiratory Definitions • Expiratory Reserve volume—volume of air forcibly exhaled after expiring tidal volume • Residual volume—air that remains in the lungs and cannot be forced out. This is important so that gas exchange is a continuous process even in between breaths. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  26. Urinary System Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  27. Urinary System organs • Kidneys—General Information • Located just above waistline; about the same size as a large bar of soap • Right kidney is a bit lower than the left (crowded by the liver) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  28. Kidneys con’t: • Adipose capsule (heavy cushion of fat) helps keep kidney in place • Renal capsule—fibrous transparent enclosure giving the kidney its shiny appearance Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  29. Kidneys con’t: • Kidneys continuously cleanse/monitor blood so it has a rich supply of blood vessels. • ¼ of total blood volume passes through the kidneys every minute of every day! Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  30. Kidney—function • Form urine—waste products are filtered from blood and enter nephron. Additional wastes may be secreted into urine as well. • Helps to regulate many substances in the blood Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  31. Kidneys con’t: • Internal structure • Renal cortex—outer part of kidney • Renal medulla—inner portion; made up of many triangular regions Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  32. Kidney Internal structure con’t: • Medullary pyramids—triangle divisions of medulla • Apex—narrow, innermost end of a pyramid Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  33. Kidney Internal structure con’t: • Renal pelvis—expansion of the upper end of the ureter • Calyx—extensions of the pelvis that enclose the tips of the pyramids to collect urine Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  34. Kidney con’t: • Nephron—microscopic functional unit of the kidney • More than one million per kidney • Look like tiny funnels Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  35. Kidney con’t: • Nephrons are composed of a glomerulus (knot of capillaries) and a renal tubule • At the end of the renal tubule is a cuplike structure called the Bowman’s capsule that surrounds the glomerulus Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  36. Formation of Urine • Combination of three processes: • Filtering • Reabsorption • Secretion Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  37. Formation of Urine • Filtration—continuous process in each glomerulus • 125ml/min = 180 L fluid filtered by kidneys each day…no one voids that much! • Most of the filtered substances are reabsorbed into the body. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  38. Formation of Urine • Reabsorption • ~178 L/day of liquid is reabsorbed into body • Glucose (usually) , amino acids, etc—anything the body needs will usually be reabsorbed. • Sodium reabsorption rates vary—depending on amount in body Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  39. Reabsorption con’t: • Nitrogenous wastes are not reabsorbed • Urea—formed by liver as end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used as energy • Uric acid—when nucleic acids are broken down • Creatine—generally associated with physiology of muscles Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  40. Formation of Urine • Secretion • H+, K+, and drugs are deposited into urine Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  41. Characteristics of Urine • Freshly voided urine is generally clear (not cloudy) • Pale to deep yellow in color • Yellow color from urochrome—a pigment that results from breakdown of hemoglobin • Urine is sterile Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  42. Characteristics of Urine • There is a slight aromatic odor in fresh urine (not unpleasant). If allowed to stand, urine takes on the ammonia smell due to the action of bacteria on urine solutes. • If addition, some drugs, foods, and various diseases can alter the smell of urine • pH = ~6 Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  43. Urinary System Organs • Ureters • Tubes carrying urine from collecting tubules into bladder • ~6mm wide and 25 – 30cm (10-12”) long • Peristalsis encourages urine down to bladder Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  44. Urinary System Organs • Bladder • Location • Empty, just behind pubic symphysis • Full, projects upward into lower portion of abdominal cavity • Function • Elastic fibers and involuntary muscle in wall of bladder make it suitable to contract and expand as needed to hold urine. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  45. Urinary System Organs • Urethra • Carries urine from bladder to outside of the body • Opening is called the urinary meatus • 4cm (1 1/2”) long in females; 20cm (8”) long in males Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  46. Micturition • Another name for urination/voiding • 2 sphincters (internal urethral/external urethral) close passageway of urethra to allow bladder to fill • Usually void at 350ml; urge can begin at 150ml. • Reflex contractions of internal sphincter will stop after about 1 minute. You will eventually void whether you want to or not. Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  47. Pathologies

  48. Disorders • SIDS—Sudden Infant Death Syndrome • Infants in seemingly good health die in their sleep. Some cases are attributed to breathing mechanisms not functioning correctly, others of heart abnormalities. Most cases of unexplained infant death get listed as SIDS Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  49. Disorders • Cystic Fibrosis • Most common lethal genetic disease • Oversecretion of mucus that clogs the respiratory passages putting person (usually a child) at risk for fatal infections • Affects other systems as well—digestive system (clogs ducts that deliver pancreatic enzymes and bile to SI) Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

  50. Disorders • Emphysema—condition where the alveoli enlarge; this chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis of the lungs. • Fibrosis makes the lungs less elastic so people have to force air in AND OUT of the lungs…leaving them exhausted. • Usually caused by smoking Free PowerPoint Template from www.brainybetty.com

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