IPPFA/NIU TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM August 2011

1. SAWYER FALDUTO ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC IPPFA/NIUTRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAMAugust 2011 Fundamentals of Fixed Income Investing Presented By: Thomas S. Sawyer Managing Partner Sawyer Falduto Asset Management, LLC tsawyer@sawyerfalduto.com 630-941-8560 IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

2. Introduction • Features of fixed income securities. • More specifically those allowed by statute. • Risk and return concepts. • Portfolio structure and investment policy guidelines. • Benchmarking fixed income portfolios. • Current market environment. • Additional Terminology. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

3. Introduction • Although stocks seem to get most of the attention, fixed income markets are large, varied and dynamic. • Fixed income securities (bonds) represent the lion’s share of police and firefighter pension fund assets. • Understand the risks associated with bonds. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

4. What is a Bond? • A bond is a contractual obligation between a borrower and a lender. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

5. Features of Fixed Income Securities • Issuers: • U.S. Treasury • U.S. Government Agencies • States, Municipalities and Local Units of Government • Corporations • Coupon: • Stated Rate of Interest • Maturity: • Term of the Loan • Redemption Options: • Call Provisions (the issuer’s option to pay off the loan early) IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

6. Features of Fixed Income Securities Description: $100 Face Amount (Par Value) U.S. Fourth Liberty Loan Bond 4.25% Due 10/15/1938. Issuer: U.S. Treasury Coupon: 4.25% Maturity: 10/15/1938 Call: None IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

7. Fixed Income Securities Permitted by Statute • U.S. Treasury Bills, Notes and Bonds • Government Agencies • Federal Home Loan Bank, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Federal Farm Credit • Municipal Bonds issued in Illinois • Corporate Bonds (January 1, 2011) • Other • Certificates of Deposit • State of Israel Bonds • GICs • Money Market Mutual Funds IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

8. A Word on Public Act 96-1495—Corporate Bonds Allows investment in investment grade corporate bonds. Bonds must be rated as investment grade by either Moody’s or S&P at the time of purchase. Bonds must be liquidated within 90 days after the bonds are downgraded by both Moody’s and the S&P. Corporate bonds count as fixed income investments. Corporate bonds must be invested through an investment advisor, not through a consultant as defined in the Illinois Pension Code. Another way that pension funds may diversify their fixed income portfolio. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

9. Permitted Investments – Pension Funds Allocation to Fixed Income Unlike the allocation to equities, the statute does not impose percentage allocation limitations. Illinois Pension Code provides a complete list of acceptable investments. 40 ILCS 5/1-113, 113.1, 113.2, 113.3, 113.4 and 113.4a Pension Code also provides a list of prohibited transactions 40 ILCS 5/1-110 IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

10. Risk and Reward Inverse Relationship – Bond Prices and Interest Rates I = Interest Rates P = Bond PriceS I P IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

11. Risk and Reward • Types of Risk Usually Associated with Bonds: • Credit Risk • Maturity Risk • Price/Interest Rate Risk • Duration and Convexity: • Measures of the sensitivity to changes in interest rates. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

12. Risk and Reward • Credit and Maturity Risk Spectrum: Tsy Agy Muni Inv Grade Corp High Yield Corp Less Risk More Risk Shorter Maturity Longer Maturity IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

13. Risk and Reward IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

14. Time Value of Money “The Eighth Wonder should be utilized by all of us to accomplish what we want. It is compound interest.” - Baron Rothschild • Present Value: The amount of money that must be set aside today in order to achieve a specified future value. • Future Value: The value of an amount of money set aside today at a specified date in the future. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

15. One Math Problem – Sorry!Time Value of Money FV = PV(1 + i)n Or, Future Value = Present Value x (1 + rate)periods So, $104.25 = $100(1.0425)1 PV = FV (1 + i)n Or, Present Value = Future Value (1 + rate)periods So, $100 = $104.25 (1.0425)1 IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

16. Risk and RewardPremium or Discount to Par Scenario: A tough winter has caused coal prices to rise dramatically. Due to increased concern over inflation, interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities have moved higher. The yield on bonds maturing in 1938 now yield 5%. We paid $100 for our bond, with a coupon of 4.25%, maturing in 1938. Because investors now require a higher yield, the present value of the bond is now $99.27. The bond is trading at a DISCOUNT to par. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

17. Risk and RewardPremium or Discount to Par Scenario: The coal mines of Central Illinois stepped up production. Coal prices abated from recent high levels. Yields on U.S. Treasury securities maturing in 1938 declined dramatically to 3.75% as investors turned their attention to an anticipated slow down in the economy. We paid $100 for our bond, with a coupon of 4.25%, maturing in 1938. Because investors now are willing to accept a lower yield, the present value (price) of the bond is now $100.49 The bond is trading at a Premiumto par. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

18. Features of Fixed Income Securities(Yield isn’t necessarily Yield) • Coupon: the stated rate of interest. In the case of our bond, the coupon is 4.25%. • Current Yield: the ratio of the coupon (4.25% x $100 = $4.25) to price. When our bond was trading at a discount to par, the currentyield was 4.28%. $4.25/$99.27 = 4.28%. Later on, our bond was trading at a premium to par. The currentyield was 4.23%. $4.25/$100.49 = 4.23%. • Yield-to-Maturity: YTM is a better measure as it accounts for cash flows to maturity. Using our bond maturing in 1938, under the discount scenario, the YTM is 5.0%. Under the premium scenario, the YTM is 3.75%. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

19. Risk and Reward US TREASURY YIELD CURVE IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

20. Portfolio Concepts Duration Remember the inverse relationship between interest rates and bond prices….. Assume the average duration of a portfolio of bonds = 5. Rates rise by 1% - portfolio value declines by 5%. Rates decline by 1% - portfolio value increases by 5%. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

21. Portfolio Structure and Investment Policy Portfolio Concepts • Should be a risk management tool. • Provide for diversification across issuing sectors. • Establish duration and maturity ranges. • Be flexible enough to adapt to changing conditions. IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

22. Portfolio Concepts Fixed Income Portfolio Characteristics Diversification IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

23. A Few Comments on Corporate Bonds IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

24. A Few Comments on Corporate Bonds IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

25. A Few Comments on Corporate Bonds IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

26. Portfolio Concepts Fixed Income Portfolio Characteristics Quality, Yield and Duration IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

27. Portfolio Concepts Benchmarking Fixed Income Portfolios • Benchmark should be a “best fit” with investment policy and objectives. • Selected fixed income benchmarks: • Government Bond Index • Intermediate Government Bond Index • Government/Credit Bond Index • Treasury Index • Short term Treasury Indices IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

28. Current Market Environment • Short-term interest rates likely to remain at near 0%. • Still, Hints of inflation returning to economic data. • What is the shape of the Yield Curve telling us today? IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM

29. Conclusion Useful Resources: • www.investopedia.com • www.bloomberg.com • www.yahoo.com (Finance) • Illinois Compiled Statutes at www.ilga.gov (40 ILCS 5/) IPPFA TRUSTEE CERTIFICATION PROGRAM