Well-Being of the EMT-Basic Part 2 Introduction to Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

1. Well-Being of the EMT-Basic Part 2Introduction to Infectious Disease Control & Prevention Southside Regional Fire Academy Navy Regional Fire-Rescue Hampton Roads

2. Methods of Transmission • Bloodborne • Blood • O.P.I.M. (other Potentially Infectious Materials) • Airborne • Fecal-Oral Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

3. Bloodborne Transmission • Blood • Body fluids visibly contaminated with blood • Body Fluids (visibly contaminated or not) • Saliva, semen, vaginal secretions • Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid • Amniotic fluid • Unfixed organs or tissues Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

4. Bloodborne Transmission INJECTION • Needle sticks, broken glass, sharp objects OTHER DIRECT CONTACT • Splashing of fluids into open cut or sore; mucous membranes of eyes, nose, mouth INDIRECT CONTACT • Touching a contaminated object/surface, then touching mouth, eyes, nose, open wound Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

5. Airborne Transmission • Aerosolized droplets spread into the air when patient… • Coughs • Speaks • Gags or vomits • Is suctioned • Sneezes Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

6. Fecal-Oral Transmission • Results from improper hand washing/hygiene • After a bowel movement, bacteria is transmitted to food or objects via the hands. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

7. Does contact with BIOHAZARD material always lead to infection? How old is pathogen? How extensive is contamination? Length & route of exposure… How quick was decontamination? Severity of exposure… Virulence of pathogen… Health of EMT… Prophylactic drugs… CONTAMINATION EXPOSURE INFECTION Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

8. Disease Transmission Facts INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS • Hepatitis B…bloodborne • Swelling, soreness, loss of function of the liver. • Viral syndrome (weakness, fatigue, malaise, fever, headache, anorexia, nausea) • Abdominal pain • Jaundice • Or… No symptoms at all (chronic carrier state) • 85% of patients recover in 6-8 weeks • Will always carry virus once infected Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

9. Disease Transmission Facts HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) • Affects white blood cells of the immune systems and renders them ineffective in preventing disease. • Illness & death occurs from Opportunistic Infections such as pneumonia. • Causes Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) • Initial symptoms are non-specific • Viral syndrome • Night sweats, weight loss • Gland, muscle, & joint pain Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

10. Disease Transmission Facts HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) • Bloodborne transmission. • May take up to a year for virus to show up in a routine HIV blood test. • Patient may have no symptoms for many years, resulting in inadvertent transmission to multiple sex partners. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

11. Disease Transmission Facts TUBERCULOSIS • Airborn, spread by droplets • Pulmonary infection with symptoms developing within 2-10 weeks. • Causes areas of “scar tissue” to develop in lungs, leading to loss of pulmonary function. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

12. Disease Transmission Facts Suspect T.B. when… • Crowded living conditions (jails, military) • Has close relative with active T.B. • Person who: • Has HIV • On immunosuppressive drugs • Prolonged steroid therapy • IV drug users • Recently had positive TB skin test. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

13. Disease Transmission Facts Suspect T.B. when… • Undiagnosed pulmonary or respiratory infection • Viral syndrome, night sweats, weight loss • Productive cough (green or yellow sputum) • Coughing up blood • Difficulty breathing • Respiratory failure Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

14. Disease Transmission Facts Other Infectious Diseases • Meningitis • Chicken Pox (varicella) • Syphilis • Cooties (head & body lice) Adult Female Pubic Louse Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

15. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

16. Prevention • Frequent employee education • Hazard Communication • PPE • Labeling all infectious waste • Frequent hand washing • Cleaning equipment between patients Biohazard Label Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

17. Prevention Latex or vinyl gloves… The minimum PPE for every patient contact. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

18. Prevention For splash hazards and large amounts of fluids… • Eye protection • Face mask • Gown, apron, or turnout gear • Shoe covers Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

19. Prevention Highly infectious respiratory diseases… • Tuberculosis • Meningitis HEPA (high-efficiency particulate) respirator Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

20. Prevention Disinfect equipment between patients… • Reusable PPE is permitted • Dilute bleach solution, or commercial disinfectant Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

21. Prevention—in advance • Verify immune status • Hepatitis B Vaccination (series of 3 shots, and titer) • Varicella immunity? • Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin testing (at least annually) Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

22. Questions ? Infectious Disease Control & Prevention

23. Navy Regional Fire-Rescue Hampton Roads Our 380-person career department serves military installations and surrounding communities of Southside Hampton Roads and the Peninsula from 17 stations on 11 separate installations. To provide comments or suggestions for this slide program, contact EMS Training at (757)433-2065 or janneyj@nasoceana.navy.mil. For general information about our department, contact our headquarters at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek at (757)462-7761. For information on how to apply for a career position with our department, check out the Navy’s human resources website at www.donhr.navy.mil where you can download a “JobKit” and submit your resume electronically. Infectious Disease Control & Prevention