2013 Chinese Dynasties

1. 2013 Chinese Dynasties

2. Pronunciations • Huang He hwahng he • Shang shong • Zhou Joe • Loess less • Henan hey – nahn • Wei way • Qin chin

3. A Dynasty isa line of rulers that come from the same family An aristocrat is anoble, or upper class person, whose wealth comes from their land Key Terms….

4. China’s history is usually divided into time periods based on the rule of different dynasties. A ‘dynasty’ is a ruling family that passes the power to rule down through the generations. These rulers were thought to be ‘divine’, or actual gods, and thus were obeyed without question.

5. Mongols and Genghis Khan Yuan Dynasty

6. China Under Foreign Rulers • Twice in its dynastic history China was under foreign rule: - Yuan dynasty – Mongols - Qing dynasty – Manchus • The Mongols initially tried to rule China as their own tribal society. Eventually, they adopted China’s political system, the civil service exams, and Confucian philosophy.

7. Yuan Dynasty 1,271 – 1,368 A.D. In 1206, Genghis Khan united the entire Mongol tribes and extended his power over all of North China. The conquest of the Southern Song was not completed until 1279, after Kublai Khan, his grandson, had succeeded to Mongol leadership. Genghis Khan

9. The Extent of the Mongol Empire

10. Mongols • Nomadic people • Horseback- primary form of travel • Genghis Khan- elected ruler of Mongols, 1206 • Created largest empire in history! • Used terror to conquer people • Professional, organized army

11. The Mongols • The Mongols lived in an area north of China called Mongolia. • They lived in tribes, or groups of related families.

12. They were nomadic herders who grazed their animals on the steppes, wide, rolling grassy plains. • The Mongols were well known for their ability to ride horses well and wage war.

13. MONGOL WARRIORS

14. At a meeting of Mongol leaders in 1206, a man named Temujin was elected Genghis Khan, which means strong ruler.

15. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] • Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] • 1162 - 1227 • from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia]

16. You better study for the test… Don’t make me bring the terror! • Genghis Khan built the Mongol Empire using a well-trained army to invade major civilizations. • Mongol warriors were known for their cruelty and use of terror, or violent acts used to scare people.

17. The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] • Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: • If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. • If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. • If you do not have children, we will take your wife. • If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. • Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

18. Kublai moved the capital to Beijing, adopted much of the Chinese administrative system. The Central Asian trade routes were secured. Traffic from West to East increased. Missionaries and traders came to China, bringing new ideas, techniques, foods, and medicines. Marco Polo arrives to write about the splendor of the Mongol Empire. He wrote of his extensive travels throughout Asia on behalf of the Khan, and their eventual return after 15,000 miles and 24 years of adventures.

19. Kublai Khan – Yuan Dynasty • Kublai Khan – grandson of Genghis Khan • Becomes Mongol emperor in 1260 • Conquers all of China in 1279, uniting China for the first time in 300 years. • Yuan Dynasty only lasts until 1368, but is very important.

20. Yuan Dynasty • Kublai Khan very good ruler for China • Kublai Khan moved capital from Mongolia to modern day Beijing, China • Mongols kept separate identity from the Chinese – lived apart and had different laws. • Tolerated Chinese culture and made few changes to government system

21. Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. • Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] • Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] • Tolerated Chinese culturebut lived apart from them.  • No Chinese in top govt. posts. • Believed foreigner were moretrustworthy. • Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. • Marco Polo

22. Yuan Dynasty & Trade • Open up China to more trade and Western contact • Marco Polo – Young Venetian who lived in Khan’s court for 17 years. His travel journal (1271-1295) became hugely popular book. • First time most Europeans had been exposed to Chinese culture, like silk, gunpowder, playing cards, porcelain, printing, the magnetic compass, and paper money. • Death of Kublai Khan and high taxes doomed the Yuan dynasty.

23. Kublai Khan and Marco Polo 1215-1294 1254-1324

24. Marco Polo (1254-1324) • A Venetian merchant. • Traveled through YuanChina: 1271-1295 • “Black Stones” [coal] • Gunpowder. • Noodles.

25. Marco Polo’s Travels

26. Marco Polo at the Mongol Court • Venetian trader, Marco Polo, visits China in 1275. • Polo returns to Venice in 1292; tells stories of what he saw in China. • Fabulous cities, fantastic wealth • Burning “black stones (coal) to heat Chinese homes • Kublai Khan’s government and trade in Beijing • These stories were gathered in a book, but most readers doubt its truth.

27. Government by Foreigners: Mongol Rule Revival of the Civil Service System • Whom did Kublai Khan choose to fill important government positions? • Relatives, other Mongols, & trusted foreigners • What happened to Chinese scholars during the Mongol rule? • Worked only as teachers & minor government officials • How did hiring scholars help China? • Focused on moral behavior, justice, kindness, loyalty to the emperor, proper conduct, & the importance of family • Made sure all officials were trained & talented & allowed the hardworking from all social classes to succeed • Who did hiring scholars hurt China? • People who knew science, math, or engineering were kept out of government • Little respect for merchants, trade & business not encouraged due to Confucianism

28. Yuan Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. • The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c. • Sent fleets against Japan. • 1281  150,000 warriors • Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”]  • Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

29. However, discontent was growing in China. The Chinese resented Mongol’s restriction against the Chinese holding important offices. By the 1350s several major rebel leaders had emerged.

30. The End of Mongol Rule • Declining Power • Failed expeditions to Southeast Asia show weakness of Yuan Dynasty. • High taxes cause resentment. • Yuan Dynasty Overthrown • Kublai dies in 1294; successors are weak. • In 1300s, rebellions break out, leading to formation of Ming Dynasty.

31. End of Mongol Empire • Decline of the Mongol Empire • Mongol rule collapses in Persia in the 1330s; in Central Asia in the 1370s. • By the end of the 1300s, only Mongol rule in Russia remains, the Golden Horde.

32. Timeline of China’s Dynasties, 500-1500

33. Ming Dynasty

34. Ming China 1368- 1644 Yuan Mandate of Heaven lost • A Ming legend tells of farmers digging along the Huang-he River finding a statue with only one eye and the inscription "Do not despise this oneeyed statue: it will be the herald of rebellion all throughout the empire.” • Famine, floods, rebellions all made the inscription ring true: the Mongols had lost the Mandate of Heaven, the t'ien ming • Revolution had begun • Hongjinjun (literally “army with red scarf in the head”) peasant army was one of the important powers in overthrowing the Yuan Emperor

35. China’s last native imperial dynasty!

36. China under Ming Rule Rebuilding China • 1368, peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang, rebel army, overthrew last Mongol emperor • Zhu took name Hongwu, “vastly martial,” founded Ming dynasty • Ming means “brilliant”; dynasty lasted nearly 300 years, until 1644 • During this time China’s rulers gained control of Korea, Mongolia, parts of Central, Southeast Asia • Having expelled Mongols, Hongwu worked to rebuild China • Reduced taxes, improved trade, agriculture, increased stability The Ming Dynasty In 1279 the Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded the Yuan dynasty. After his death in 1294, the Yuan dynasty weakened. This weakness, combined with Chinese resentment of Mongol rule, made China ripe for rebellion—and the rise of a new dynasty. In addition, Hongwu worked to eliminate Mongol influences and revive traditional Chinese values and practices, like Confucian principles.

37. Values, Traditions • To obtain government officials educated in Confucian ideas, Hongwu restored, improved civil service examination system • To root out corruption, increased influence of censors, officials who monitored government • Expanded Power • Hongwu also greatly expanded power as emperor • Did away with positions of some high level officials, took over more control of government • As result, Ming emperors more powerful than in previous dynasties • Eliminated anyone challenging authority; killed thousands of rivals

38. Yonglo • In 1398 Hongwu died • Following power struggle, son Yonglo became emperor • Ruled from 1402 until 1424 • Moved Ming capital to Beijing, in northeast China • Built vast imperial city at center of Beijing • City complex became known as Forbidden City because most people forbidden from entering

39. Ming Dynasty 1368 – 1644 AD In the 1360s, a former Buddhist monk Zhu Yuan Zhangsuccessfully extended his power throughout the Yangtze Valley. In 1371, while the Mongol commanders were paralyzed by internal rivalries, he marched north and seized Beijing. The Mongols withdrew to Mongolia and from there continued to harass the Chinese. Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming government sponsored seven naval expeditions. Ming’s Emperor Yongle intended to establish a Chinese presence and impose imperial control over trade.

40. During the first quarter of the 15th century, the Chinese fleet sailed the China seas and the Indian Ocean, reached as far as the east coast of Africa. Toward the late Ming Dynasty, long wars with the Mongols, incursions by the Japanese into Korea, weakened Ming rule, which result in alien takeover. In 1644 the Manchu tribe took Beijing and establishing the last imperial dynasty.

41. The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

42. The Civil Service Exam • With all its imperfections, the exam: - provided for more efficient government - more opportunity for upward mobility • It was abolished just before the Ming were overthrown.

43. Revived the Civil Service Exam

44. Ming Cultural Revolution • Printing & Literacy • Cheap, popular books: • woodblock printing. • cheap paper. • Examination system. • Leads to explosion in literacy.  • Leads to further popularization of the commercial market. • Culture & Art • Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things: • Literature. • Painting. • Ceramics. • Opera.

45. Ming Economy and Society • Prosperity • Ming rule brought prosperity to China • Improved methods of irrigation increased farm production • Peasants produced huge rice crops in southern river valleys • Growth of Crops, Population • 1500s, new crops like corn, sweet potatoes from Americas reached China • These crops further increased farm output • Stability, plentiful food led to substantial population growth • Growth of Cities, Industries • As population grew, so did cities • Industries like manufacture of porcelain, silk expanded in response to growing European demand • At same time, China remained mainly agricultural society

46. Ming Silver Market • Spanish Silver Convoys • Triangle route: • Philippines to China to Japan. • Silver floods Chinese Market: • Causes devaluation of currency & recession • Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas. • Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe • Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe. • Helps fund conquest of New World  • Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

47. Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E. • Golden Age of Chinese Art • Moderation • Softness • Gracefulness • Three different schools ofpainting developed. • Hundreds of thousands ofworkers constructed theForbidden City.

48. Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398)

49. The Tribute System

50. Growing Sea Power Extending Influence • Fleets included trading ships, immense treasure ships • Zheng He presented gifts from China wherever he went; in return several foreign leaders sent tribute to China’s emperor • Voyages demonstrated Ming China’s growing sea power • After 1433 voyages ended • Resources needed for frontier defenses • Yonglo sponsored overseas voyages to extend China’s influence • Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He, Chinese Muslim admiral, led seven voyages around Indian Ocean as far as Africa • Sailed with fleets of as many as 300 ships to show China’s power Ming Sea Voyages