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Expanding Access to Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Digging Deeper into the Data

Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic. Expanding Access to Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Digging Deeper into the Data. By Elvira Morella, Vivien Foster and Sudeshna Banerjee Presented by: Eduardo A. Perez. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD). What?

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Expanding Access to Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Digging Deeper into the Data

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  1. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic Expanding Access to Sanitation in Sub-Saharan AfricaDigging Deeper into the Data By Elvira Morella, Vivien Foster and Sudeshna Banerjee Presented by: Eduardo A. Perez

  2. Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD) What? • Series of reports on Public Expenditure, Investment Needs, and Performance in infrastructure in Africa • Sectors: Energy, ICT, Irrigation, Transport, and Water and Sanitation • 24 SSA countries covered in Phase I Why? • Establish a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured • Provide a more solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms Who? • World Bank in coordination with African Development Bank, guidance by New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) • Financed by ADF, DFID, PPIAF, European Commission

  3. Methodology Sources: • 63 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) • Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) • Utility survey conducted across 51 utilities in 24 countries • Expenditure review of fiscal database based on Government budget documents Sample • 30 countries surveyed in current access analysis • 18 countries surveyed in access trends and expenditure analysis

  4. Methodology Comparison with JMP • Findings broadly consistent with Joint Monitoring Program (JMP). Discrepancies arise from the following differences in methodology: • JMP include all African countries while only a subset is covered here • JMP statistics are based on a survey of surveys; AICD results are based solely on DHS data • JMP statistics have a distinct ‘share facility’ cluster; AICD does not distinguish between shared and non-shared • JMP consider 50 percent of traditional pit latrines as ‘improved’ sanitation Focus on 4 steps of the sanitation ladder: • Flush toilets (including both water borne sewerage and septic tanks) • Improved latrines (including VIP latrines, chemical toilets and San Plat latrines) • Traditional latrines • Open defecation

  5. Cost Pour Flush Not Acceptable Improved Pit Simple Pit Open Defecation Fixed place Defecation Sanitation ladder

  6. Current access patterns across SSA across income quintiles Population weighted averagesSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  7. Sanitation Ladder Progress in 18 SSA Countries the last 10 years Sample of 18 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, ZambiaAverages calculated for each country based on different number of years in the period from 1995 to 2005Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  8. Gains in access of types of sanitation facility by country Sample of 18 countries, averages calculated for each country based on different number of years in the period from 1995 to 2005Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  9. Gains in access across 18 SSA Countries by income group Population weighted averagesSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  10. How does the sanitation challenge differ across countries? • Large variation across African countries in their current patterns of access to sanitation

  11. Flush toilet coverage by country Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  12. VIP toilet coverage by country Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  13. Traditional latrine coverage by country Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  14. Open defecation by country Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  15. How does the sanitation challenge differ across countries? Four country groups emerge - Countries dominated by open defecation - Countries dominated by traditional latrines - Countries where improved latrines are on the rise - Countries where both flush and traditional latrines are increasing • Policy implications differ substantially

  16. Prevalence of open defecation • Benin • Burkina Faso • Chad • Ethiopia • Niger Key policy challenge is large scale behavior change at first rung of the ladder Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  17. Prevalence of traditional latrines • CAR • Cote d’Ivoire • Congo (Brazza) • DRC • Guinea • Kenya • Malawi • Mali • Mauritania • Mozambique • Namibia • Nigeria • Sudan • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia Key policy challenge is how to finance upgrading of traditional latrines Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  18. Rising improved latrines • Cameroon • Comoros • Gabon • Ghana • Lesotho • Rwanda Countries with lessons to share on how to expand access to improved latrines Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  19. Flush toilet and Traditional Latrine but missing Improved Latrine • Senegal • South Africa • Zimbabwe Key issue is to expand the middle ground and bridge the gap between disparate groups Population weighted averages, latest available yearSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  20. Moving from Open Defecation to the bottom rung of the Sanitation Ladder during the last 10 years Population weighted averagesSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  21. Moving Up the Sanitation Ladder to the second rung in the last 10 years Population weighted averagesSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  22. Moving up to the third rung of the latter over the last 10 years Population weighted averagesSource: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  23. Comparing the bang for the buck across countries Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  24. Government expenditure on sanitation as % of total investments Source: AICD Fiscal and Survey Database, 2007

  25. Cost of facility as % of monthly HH budget Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007

  26. Data on sanitation financing raises issues: • Government policies call for capital costs for on-site sanitation to be responsibility of household ( growing no subsidy for hardware policies) • Government investments in sanitation relatively low • Improved and even traditional latrines relatively unaffordable to lowest quintiles of population across Africa • Coverage for lowest quintiles is extremely low

  27. Conclusions • One size does not fill all • Slow growth overall but a handful of countries made major strides • Progress at the bottom of the ladder is to be celebrated • Improved latrines remain a luxury and present affordability issues • Public spending is neither necessary nor sufficient but can have impact if widely used

  28. For questions please contact: Vivien Foster Lead Economist Sustainable Development Department Africa Region World Bank Group vfoster@worldbank.org

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