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Classification Chapter 17

Classification Chapter 17. Species of Organisms. Almost 2 million species of organisms have been described Thousands more are discovered each year The total number of species ranges from 5 to 30 million. What is Classification?.

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Classification Chapter 17

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  1. Classification Chapter 17

  2. Species of Organisms • Almost 2 million species of organisms have been described • Thousands more are discovered each year • The total number of species ranges from 5 to 30 million

  3. What is Classification? • Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities • Classification is also known as taxonomy • Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

  4. Benefits of Classifying • Accurately & uniformly names organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

  5. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names

  6. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists

  7. Early Taxonomists • 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist • Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals • He subdivided them by their habitat -- Ex) land, sea, or air dwellers

  8. Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778 • 18th century taxonomist • Classified organisms by their form and structure • Developed 7 levels of classification • Developed naming system still used today

  9. Carolus Linnaeus • Called the “Father of Taxonomy” • Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature- two-word name (Genus & species)

  10. Standardized Naming • Binomial nomenclature uses: • Genus species • Latin or Greek • Italicized in print • Capitalize genus, but NOT species • Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin

  11. Binomial Nomenclature

  12. Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

  13. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species BROADEST TAXON

  14. King • Phillip • Came • Over • For • Good • Spaghetti!

  15. Two Modern Systems Six Kingdom System Three Domain System

  16. The Six Kingdoms:

  17. KingdomArchaebacteria • The prefix archae - comes from the Greek word "ANCIENT" • Unicellular & Prokaryotic • Some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic • Live in extreme environments Sewage treatment plants, thermal vents, etc.

  18. Kingdom Eubacteria • Cause human diseases, are present in almost all habitats on earth • Many bacteria are important environmentally and commercially. Live in the intestines of animals

  19. “The odds and ends kingdom” Dumping ground of organisms that don’t fit into the other kingdoms Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular Kingdom Protista Ex) Algae, Slime molds, Diatoms, and Protozoa

  20. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular, except yeast • Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) • Decomposers • Ex) yeast, mold, mildew, & mushrooms

  21. Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Kingdom Plantae

  22. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Ingestiveheterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) • Feed on plants or animals

  23. Domains • Broadest, most inclusive taxon • Three domains: • Archaea • Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) • Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

  24. Domain Eukarya includes: • Protista (protozoans, algae…) • Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) • Plantae (multicellular plants) • Animalia (multicellular animals)

  25. Skills Practice • 1. List the levels of classification from most broad to most specific. • 2. What type of organisms are found in the kingdom Archaebacteria? Are these organisms unicellular or multicellular? • 3. What 4 kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya? • 4. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Give an example of each.

  26. Classification is based on evolutionary relationships: • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryo development • Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

  27. Homologous Structures show Similarities in mammals.

  28. Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos

  29. Phylogenetics- the analysis of the evolutionary • or ancestral relationships among a taxon (group). • Phylogenetic diagram (tree)- a branching tree • that indicates how closely related species are.

  30. Cladogram • Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

  31. Primate Cladogram

  32. Let’s Create A Cladogram from the following:

  33. Dichotomous Keying • Used to identify organisms • Characteristics given in pairs • Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

  34. 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 Example of Dichotomous Key

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