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World War II: A Deepening European Crisis

Explore the historical path to World War II with diplomatic shifts, key events, and the global impact of the conflict. Learn about major battles, alliances, and the devastating consequences of the war for Europe and beyond.

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World War II: A Deepening European Crisis

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  1. Chapter 27 The Deepening European Crisis: World War II

  2. p. 849

  3. Prelude to War • The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933-1937) • Hitler becomes chancellor, January 30, 1933 • Slow rearmament • Repudiation of disarmament clauses of Versailles Peace Treaty, 1935 • Troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, March 7, 1936 • New Allies • Rome-Berlin Axis, October 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan, November 1936

  4. Chronology, p. 857

  5. The Path to War (1938-1939) • Annexation of Austria, March 13, 1938 • Demand the cession of the Sudetenland, September 15, 1938 • Munich Conference, September 29, 1938 • Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) • Appeasement • German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia • Hitler demands Danzig • British offer to protect Poland • Non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, August 23, 1939 • Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 • Britain and France declare war on Germany, September 3, 1939

  6. p. 853

  7. Map 27-1, p. 854

  8. p. 856

  9. The Path to War in Asia • Japanese Empire • Korea, Formosa, Manchuria, and theMarshall, Caroline, and Mariana islands • 1931 Japan seized Manchuria • Chiang Kai-shek 

  10. p. 857

  11. The Course to World War II • Blitzkrieg (lightening war) • Poland divided on September 28, 1939 • Victory and Stalemate • “Phony War”, winter 1939-1940 • Germany resumes offensive, April 9, 1939, against Denmark and Norway • Attack on Netherlands, Belgium, and France, May 10, 1940 • Evacuation of Dunkirk • Surrender of France, June 22, 1940 • Vichy France • Marshal Henri Pétain (1856-1951) • Battle of Britain, August-September 1940 • German Luftwaffe • German Mediterranean strategy • Germany invades the Soviet Union, June 22, 1941

  12. p. 859

  13. The War in Asia • Pearl Harbor • Assault on the Philippines • Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • Attacks galvanized American opinion in support for war

  14. Map 27-2, p. 860

  15. Map 27-3, p. 861

  16. Turning Point of War, 1942-1943 • Europe • The Grand Alliance • Defeat of Germany the first priority • Military aid to Russia and Britain • Allies ignore political differences • Agree on unconditional surrender • German success in 1942 in Africa and Soviet Union • Allies invade North Africa, November 1942, victory in May 1943 • Battle of Stalingrad, November 1942-February 1943 • War in Asia • Battle of the Coral Sea, May 7-8, 1942 • Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942

  17. p. 862

  18. p. 862

  19. Last Years of the War • Invasion of Sicily, 1943 • Invasion of Italy, September 1943 • Rome falls June 4, 1944 • D-Day invasion of France, June 6, 1944 • Five assault divisions landed on Normandy beaches • Within three months, two million men landed • German surrender at Stalingrad, February 2, 1943 • Tank Battle of Kursk, Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943

  20. Last Years of the War (cont) • Russians enters Berlin, April 1945 • Hitler’s suicide, April 30, 1945 • Surrender of Germany, May 7, 1945  • Death of President Franklin Roosevelt, April 12, 1945 • Difficulty of invading the Japanese homeland • New President Harry Truman makes decision to use the atomic bomb • Surrender of Japan, August 14, 1945 • Human losses in the war: 17 million military dead, 18 million civilians dead

  21. p. 864

  22. Chronology, p. 865

  23. The Nazi New Order • The Nazi Empire • Nazi occupies Europe was organized in two ways • Some areas annexed and made into German provinces • Most areas were occupied and administered by Germans • Racial considerations • Resettlement plans of the East • Poles were uprooted and moved • 2 million ethnic Germans settled Poland, 1942 • Need for labor

  24. p. 868

  25. p. 869

  26. Resistance Movements • Charles de Gaulle • Free French movement, • Josip Broz • In Germany • The White Rose movement • Colonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg • Stauffenberg assassination attempt • Five thousand executions

  27. Map 27-4, p. 870

  28. The Holocaust • First focused on emigration • The Final Solution • Reinhard Heydrich (1904-1942) • Einsatzgrupen • Death camps • In operation by the spring of 1942 • Shipments of Jews from Poland, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1942 • Shipments from Berlin, Vienna, Prague, Greece, southern France, Italy, and Denmark • Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) • Auschwitz • Death of 2 out of 3 European Jews • The Other Holocaust • Death of 9 - 10 million people beyond the 5 - 6 million Jews • 40 percent of European Gypsies

  29. p. 871

  30. The New Order in Asia • Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere • “Asia for the Asians” • Japanese Occupation • Conquest of Nanjing • “Comfort women” • 800,000 Korean forced laborers • Burma-Thailand Railroads

  31. The Mobilization of Peoples • Great Britain • 55 percent of the people were in ‘‘war work” • By 1944, women held 50 percent of the civil service positions • Dig for Victory • Emphasis ona planned economy • The Soviet Union • Enormous losses, 2 of every 5 killed in World War II were Russians • Siege of Leningrad • Factories moved to the interior

  32. p. 873

  33. The Mobilization of Peoples (cont) • The United States • Slow mobilization until mid-1943 • Social problems • African-Americans • Detroit, June 1943 • Japanese Americans • Germany • Continued production of consumer goods first two years of the war • Blitzkrieg and then plunder conquered countries • Albert Speer and armaments production • Total mobilization of the economy, 1944 • Japan • Highly mobilized society • Bushido • Kamikaze

  34. Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities • Bombing civilians • Luftwaffe begin the Blitz in Britain • Allies begin bombing raids on German cities under Arthur Harris • Cologne, Germany • Americans daytime bombing • Hamburg; Dresden • Success or failure of bombing raids • Atomic bomb • Hiroshima, August 6, 1945 • Nagasaki, August 9, 1945

  35. p. 878

  36. p. 878

  37. p. 878

  38. p. 880

  39. Aftermath: The Emergence of the Cold War • The Conferences at Teheran, Yalta, and Potsdam • Conference at Tehran, November 1943 • Future course of the war, invasion of the continent for 1944 • Agreement for the partition of postwar Germany • Conference at Yalta, February 1945 • “Declaration on Liberated Europe” • Soviet military assistance for the war against Japan • Creation of a United Nations • German unconditional surrender • Free elections in Eastern Europe • Conference at Potsdam, July 1945 • Truman replaces Roosevelt • Growing problems between the Allies • Winston Churchill proclaims in March 1946 the existence of “an iron curtain” across the continentof Europe

  40. Map 27-5, p. 881

  41. Timeline, p. 883

  42. Discussion Questions • What steps did Hitler take to conquer England? • Why did Hitler abandon the fight for England and turn toward Russia? • What seemed to have been the causes of Soviet suspicions about Britain and the US throughout the war? Give examples. • What were “kamikaze” pilots? What do they mean by “Divine Wind”? • How were conquered or occupied peoples treated by the Germans during the war? Give examples. • How did each country mobilize the home front for the war effort?

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