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America's Foreign Policy & Society Evolution: 1920-1945

Explore the interplay between foreign policy shifts and societal changes in America from 1920 to 1945, analyzing key events such as WWII and its impact on government power, women, minorities, and the economy.

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America's Foreign Policy & Society Evolution: 1920-1945

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  1. WWII Period 7 1920 to 1945

  2. Think About It • Evaluate to what extent foreign issues and developments helped to maintain continuity and foster change in American foreign policy from 1920 to 1945. • Evaluate the impact of World War II on the growth and power of the federal government. • To what extend did World War II help to maintain continuity and foster change in the social experiences of women and minorities from 1940 to 1945.

  3. American Foreign Policy of the 1920sDisarmament Initiatives • Washington Naval Conference (1921) • Five-Power Treaty • U.S.:GB:Japan:France:Italy • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

  4. American Foreign Policy of the 1920sEconomic Policies • Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) • Dawes Plan (1924)

  5. Herbert Hoover (R) (1929-1933) • Disarmament • London Naval Conference (1930) • Good Neighbor Policy • Clark Memorandum (1930) • Stimson Doctrine (1932) • In response to the Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931)

  6. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (D) (1933-1945)Depression and Foreign Policy • Good Neighbor Policy • Pan-American Conferences (1933, 1936) • London Economic Conference (1933) • Reciprocal Trade Agreements

  7. The Axis Powers and Appeasement • Japan • Invasion of Manchuria (1931) • Invasion of China (1937) • Italy • Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) • Germany • Remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936) • Anschluss and the Sudetenland (1938) • Global Response • Munich Conference (1938) • Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact (1939) • German invasion of Poland begins World War II in Europe (1939)

  8. American Isolationists • Characteristics • Midwest region • Rural sectors • Republicans and conservatives • Nye Committee • “Merchants of Death” • America First Committee • Avoid possible entanglements with European affairs in WWII • Promote isolationism across the nation

  9. FDR and Preparedness • Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) • Cash and Carry (1939) • Selective Service Act of 1940 • Destroyers-for-Bases (1940)

  10. Election of 1940 • Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) • “Drafted” for unprecedented third term • Wendell Willkie (R) • Make New Deal programs more efficient

  11. FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech From Want Worship From Fear

  12. “Arsenal of Democracy” • Lend-Lease Act (1941) • Provide arms to Great Britain on credit and decisively pro-British “neutrality” • Atlantic Charter (1941) • Promote and secure self-determination and free trade • No pursuit of territorial expansion • Blueprint for United Nations

  13. Pearl Harbor • U.S. Embargoes on Japan • Prohibited trade of steel and oil • Required Japan’s halt on expansion and removal from China • December 7, 1941 • Japanese surprise attack on U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii • 2,400 Americans killed • “a date that will live in infamy” • United States enters WWII • U.S. declares war on Japan (12/8/41) • Germany and Italy declare on U.S. • German invasion of Soviet Union (1942) • Allies • U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union • Axis • Germany, Italy, Japan

  14. Economic Recovery and Growth GDP $103.6B - 1929 $56.4B - 1933 $101.4B - 1940 $223.1B - 1945 Unemployment 17 million new jobs 3.2% - 1929 24.9% - 1933 14.6% - 1940 1.2% - 1944 Fiscal Policy War cost $304B $136B from tax revenue Revenue Act of 1942 $168B from war bonds National Debt $25B in 1918 $20B in 1933 $39.65B in 1939 $251B in 1945 Industry Factories converted for war production Doubled industrial production Real wages increased by 50% Agriculture Net farm income doubled $20B increase in land value $11B savings accumulated 17% decline in farm population Labor Unions National War Labor Board Smith-Connally War Act (1943) Union membership 9 million – 1940 14.8 million - 1945 The Economy and World War II

  15. Economic Impact of World War II

  16. War bonds helped the government finance the war Any Bonds Today? The Ducktators

  17. War Productions Board

  18. Office of War Information

  19. Office of Censorship

  20. Office of Price Administration (OPA) and Ration Books

  21. Women and World War II “At Boeing I found a freedom and an independence I had never known. After the war I could never go back to playing bridge again, being a clubwoman and listening to a lot of inanities when I knew there were things you could use for your mind. The war changed my life completely.” – Inez Sauer • Women in Armed Forces • 350,000 served in military • Women’s Army Corps (WAC) • Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES) • “Rosie the Riveter” • “A woman is a substitute, like plastic instead of metal.” – War Department brochure • Women in the Workforce • 1940 – 27% • 1945 – 37% • Earned 65% of what men earned • Domestic sphere included the home front • American Family • Marriage and birth rates increased • Divorce rates increased • High school enrollment decreased

  22. Blacks and World War II • 1.2 million served during the war • Tuskegee Airmen • Double V Campaign • Great Migration • Detroit Race Riot (1943) • March on Washington (1941) • A. Phillip Randolph • Executive Order 8802 • Desegregation of national defense industry • Committee on Fair Employment Practice • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

  23. Japanese in World War II • 442nd Infantry • Japanese internment camps • Executive Order 9066 • Over 100,000 Japanese immigrants (isei) and Americans (nisei) • Korematsu v. United States (1944) • Supreme Court ruled internment camps constitutional in wartime

  24. Other Minorities in World War II • Mexicans • Braceros program • Zoot Suit Riots (June 1943) • Natives • Navajo Code Talkers • 25,000 enlisted

  25. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) Harry S. Truman as VP War success boosted popularity Thomas E. Dewey (R) Campaigned for smaller government and less regulation Election of 1944

  26. War Conferences Casablanca (Jan 1943) Teheran (Nov 1943) Agree to open western front against Germany (Operation Overlord) Soviet invasion of eastern Germany Unconditional surrender of Germany Yalta (Feb 1945) German occupation zones Free elections in Soviet-occupied Eastern European nations Soviet Union will attack Japan three months after defeat of Germany New peace organization - United Nations Security Council with veto power for P5 Potsdam (July-Aug 1945) Japanese unconditional surrender or “prompt and utter destruction” German and Berlin occupation zones Nuremberg Trials and Purge of Nazism Recognition of communist government in Poland Partition of Vietnam at Da Nang

  27. Atlantic Theater • Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) • Operation Torch (1942) • North Africa • Operation Avalanche (1943) • “soft underbelly of the Axis” • Operation Overlord/D-Day (June 6, 1944) • Allied Western front opens • Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945) • V-E Day (May 7, 1945)

  28. Pacific Theater • Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) • Battle of Midway (June 1942) • Island-hopping • Not without a fight… • Guadalcanal (Aug 1942-Feb 1943) • Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944) • kamikazes • Iwo Jima (Feb-Mar 1945) • Okinawa (Apr-June 1945)

  29. Japanese Surrender • Manhattan Project • Hiroshima (Aug. 6, 1945) • 70,000-80,000 killed • 4.7 sq. mi. destroyed • Nagasaki (Aug 9, 1945) • 50,000-75,000 killed • V-J Day (September 2, 1945)

  30. World War II Costs • 70 million deaths or 4% of world population • 25 million military • 45 million civilians • Genocides and War Crimes • Holocaust • Nanking Massacre • Bataan Death March • United States • Over 400,000 casualties • $306 billion cost

  31. World War II Legacy • G.I. Bill (1944) • Provided living allowances, tuition fees to support veterans • United Nations • Superpowers and Cold War • United States and Soviet Union • Capitalism and Communism • Individualism and Collective Society

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