Development and Trade in Third-Wave Civilizations - Patterns and Influences

1. 8.1 Intro 325-331

2. 0 What is Unit 3? • Begins at the end of the classical era • Ends around 1450 when European exploration begins • Can be called • Post-classical • Medieval • Middle (Eurocentric) • We call it “third-wave” civilizations • Islam is biggest • Byzantium takes Eastern Roman Empire • Huge dynasties in China • Aztecs and Incas in Americas • Catholic Church grows power in Western Europe

3. 1. While culturally unique, features among each of the new “third-wave civilizations” point to what distinct patterns of development? • States, cities, class and gender inequalities • Borrowed from established civilizations • Started after 500 CE • pp. 326-327

4. 1.A What is the most important common thread among third wave civilizations? • Tons of interaction with others • By trade • By military conflict • By cosmopolitan regions (miniglobalizations) • Large empires ruled by pastoral people who ruled agricultural people • Arabs, Mongols, Aztecs

5. 2. Why is Islam seen as the most influential of the new “third-wave civilizations?” • Included Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, most of Northern Africa, Spain. • Came closer than any had ever come to uniting all mankind under its ideals. • p. 326

6. 1B. Europe (Byzantine Empire/Holy Roman Empire) • The Roman Empire splits • Byzantine Empire - Eastern half of the Roman Empire that lived on • Stays really centralized, unified • Stays strong for 1000 years until Muslims take Constantinople in 1453 • Renamed it Istanbul • Holy Roman Empire • Not holy, not Roman, not an empire • Decentralized • Becomes the feudal system (small kingdoms) (dippin’ dots)

7. 1C. China/India/West Africa • China - Sui, Tang, Song • Middle ages dynasties • Go back to Confucian traditions • India – stays decentralized • Keeps caste • Some Muslims take parts of India • West Africa – becomes Muslim • Islam really spread by trade

8. 1D. Western Hemisphere? • Aztecs in Mexico • Inca in Peru (Andes, South America) • Both are very bureaucratic/elaborate

9. 3. Why were political systems important for trade? • State’s size and stability encouraged travelers and traders. • Wealth from taxes led to more power for the state. • First Rome and China made trade safe. (classical) • 600s 700s - Byzantine, Tang and Abbasid made trade safe. • 1200s – Mongols controlled almost all of the Silk Roads. • p. 328; 334

10. 3.A. What was trade like in third wave civilizations? • Indirect • Network across vast land • Changed things like • Consumption • Religious ideas • Crops and livestock availability • Made cultures less self-sufficient • Made traders a social group

11. 3B. What’s the deal with inner and outer Eurasia? • Outer – warm, good water and soil • China, India, Mediterranean • Inner – harsh, dry, pastoral • Eastern Russia, Central Asia

12. 4. What did large-scale empires and long-distance trade facilitate? • The spread of ideas, technologies, food crops, and germs far beyond their points of origin. • Pp. 334-335

13. 8.1 Quiz A • The civilizations that come during this unit have been referred to as _______-wave civilizations. • Name one of the two major civilizations that existed in the Western hemisphere during this time period. • On which continent was most of the Byzantine Empire?

14. 8.1 Quiz B • Which of the third-wave civilizations came the closest to unifying most of the world under one umbrella? • On which continent was most of the Byzantine Empire? • Name one of the two major civilizations that existed in the Western hemisphere during this time period.

15. 8.2 Silk Road/Disease

16. 5. What specifically did the following regions or peoples diffuse through trade? • China: the technology of manufacturing raw silk • India: crystallized sugar, the concept of zero, cotton textiles • Arabs: Islam • The Americas/Mesoamerica: corn • Eurasia and North Africa: disease—the plague • p. 329

17. 6. How were goods transported along the Silk Roads to sustain the networks of exchange among its diverse people? • Camel caravans • Through deserts and oases • Silk was used as currency in Asia • Symbol of high status • Not made in W. Europe until 1100s • p. 336

18. 7. Why did Han China extend its authority westward? • Wanted to control the Xiongnu (nomads) and get “heavenly horses” for their military. • Heavenly horses – well trained, easy to ride, some said they sweat blood • p. 336

19. 8. What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? • Silk symbolized luxury. • China held a monopoly on silk-producing technology. • Cotton textiles from India was great in the Roman Empireas well • p. 337

20. 9. How did the impact of the long-distance trade of silk economically and socially affect the Chinese peasants? • Some stopped growing food crops and made silk, paper, porcelain and iron tools. • This is an example of long-distance trade trickling down to common farmers. • p. 338

21. 10. Why did Buddhism appeal to the merchants along the Silk Roads? • It was for all people, not just Brahmin and higher castes. • Merchants were lower to middle class at best. • In China, it was the religion of foreign traders and rulers. • p. 338

22. 11. In what way did Buddhism pick up elements of other cultures along the Silk Roads? • Monasteries became more secular. • Some monasteries became rich from wealthy merchants’ gifts. • Murals of parties and musicians • Shifted to Mahayana, which reflected influence from monotheistic religions. • Buddha became a god. • Idea of heaven. • Some statues of Buddha show Greek influences from Alexander’s conquests • Gods from other faiths were incorporated into Mahayana Buddhism. • pp. 339-340

23. 12. After the spread of the Black Death to Europe, what were two economic consequences of the disease? • Less tenant farmers and urban workers could demand higher wages b/c there are less of them. • Landowners lost money because demand for grain dropped. • 340-341

24. 12A Before the Black Plague, what other diseases were spread? • Unknown epidemic in 500BCE Athens from sea exploration • Han and Roman smallpox and measles • Increased importance of Christianity and Buddhism as compassion during times of suffering

25. 12B Teach me more about the Black Plague! • Thanks to the Mongols control of Eurasia, it spread. • May have been anthrax, the plague or a mix of goodness • 1/3 of Europe killed (How’s that for westerncentrism?) • Similar toll in Muslim world and China • Gave Europeans a secret weapons when exploring in 1500s

26. 13. Why did the exchange of diseases give Europeans a certain advantage? • Exposure over time had provided them with some immunity to Eurasian diseases. • p. 341

28. 8.1 Quiz A • Which major city in the Byzantine Empire lost more than 10,000 people per day for forty days from the bubonic plague? • People outside of China wanted silk because it was ______________. • The spread of certain diseases throughout Europe gave them an advantage later on because they built built up a(n) ____________.

29. 8.1 Quiz B • Which Greek city-state was afflicted by a new disease that probably come by sea from Egypt? • The Silk Roads prospered most when large __________ provided protection for traders. • A lot of the trade in Eurasia was called “_________ trade” because goods were passed down the line, changing hands many times before reaching its final destination.

30. 8.3 Sea Roads 341-348

31. 14A How did sea trade begin? • Lots of trade on Mediterranean by 1000CE centered in Venice • Mediterranean linked Europe to Indian Ocean through rivers in Egypt • Ancient Indus writing may have influenced cuneiform from Mesopotamia • Egyptians and Phonecians traded on Red Sea

32. 14. How did the transportation operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads? • Costs were lower than on land • Ships held more and heavier cargo • textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat • Led to shipment of bulk goods • Silk Roads were only for luxury goods • Sea Roads relied on monsoon wind currents. • India was center of the Sea Roads, but not the Silk Roads. • 341-342

34. 15. Why did the tempo of Indian Ocean commerce pick up in the era of classical civilizations? • Sailors learned how to ride the monsoons. • p. 343

35. 16. What region became the center (fulcrum) of the Indian Ocean commercial network? • India. • Had goods from east and west. • Lots of port cities. • Trading with Southeast Asia by 100CE and all around the Indian Ocean as far as Egypt. • pp. 343-344

36. 17. In what ways did China contribute to the growth of trade in the Indian Ocean between 500 and 1500 c.e.? • Tang and Song dynasties encouraged sea trade. • Big economy led China to send tons of products out for trade. • Larger ships and magnetic compass added to growth. • p. 344

37. 18. What other changes occurred during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam in the 7th century? • Arab Empire—Brought together many different cultures and economies into one political system. This made trade very easy for Arabs. • Middle East—Middle Eastern gold and silver went to southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textiles, and gemstones. • Muslim merchants—Islam loved merchants. (Muhammad was a merchant) Muslim culture spread far and everyone was part of the same culture even if they were far apart. • Mesopotamia/East Africa—Using wasteland in Mesopotamia to cultivate sugar and dates brought thousands of slaves there from East Africa for plantations and salt mines in terrible conditions. • p. 344

38. 19. What was the importance of Srivijaya? • Malay Peninsula was choke-point between China and India trade. • One kingdom, Srivijaya charged taxes for ships to use the Straits of Malacca • Had spices, gold and resources to sell sailors • Gained much money, power and new military brought security to the area. • p. 345

39. 19A What other Southeast Asian places were influenced by trade? • Burma • AnkorWat – huge Buddhist temple • First Hindu • Then Buddhist

40. 21. What were the economic and cultural roles of the Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean trade? • Economically, cities took goods from African interior and exchanged them on the coast for foreign products like porcelain, silk and rugs • Major port cities on the coast • Culturally, many ruling families of Swahili cities claimed Arab or Persian descent to show prestige • Coast became Muslim, interior stayed African • Politically, they were competing city-states like Greece • Focused on trade and profit • p. 347

41. 8.3 Quiz A • This civilization was on the east coast of Africa and became increasingly Muslim. It was where much of the Indian Ocean trade took place. • What religion spread mainly to the eastern part of the Indian Ocean by traders? • How did Srivijaya become so rich?

42. 8.3 Quiz B • What religion was represented by the huge monument of Borobudur in Indonesia? • Whereas the Silk Roads mainly traded precious items, the Sea Roads mainly traded _______ items. • The Sea Roads took place mainly on which body of water?

43. 8.4 Sand Roads and American Roads

44. 22. Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation. For instance, • TRADE HAPPENED IN AFR B/C AFR’S ENVIORNMENT WAS SO DIFFERENT • Sahara – copper, gold and salt • The savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara produced—grain crops like millet and sorghum. • The forest areas farther south had yams/ • pp. 348-349

45. 23. What changes did trans-Saharan trade bring to West Africa? • The camel brought the biggest change • 10 days w/o water • Led to the exchange of mined gold from Sahara out into the rest of the world • Muslims traded slaves along the Sahara • Most from non-Muslim areas (West Africa) Some white women from Eastern Mediterranean • Sudanic states develop big urban trading centers. • Jenne-jeno, Timbuktu, Gao all in modern-day Mali • Beads, iron tools, cotton textiles • pp. 350-351)

46. More on West African Trade • Camel caravans – 5000 camels and hundreds of ppl • Gold trading leads to strong empires in West Africa that grew by taxing merchants • Ghana first and then Mali

48. 24. Compare some factors that inhibited the development of long-distance exchange networks in the Americas, as opposed to Eurasia. • Aztecs and Incas probably didn’t know the other existed • Less interactions because no horses, donkeys or camels. • No wheeled vehicles or ocean-going ships • Geography • Bottleneck of Panama covered in rainforest • North/south orientation – made new agriculture adapt to new climates when migrating • Eurasia’s east/west orientation made agricultural diffusion easier • pp. 351-352

49. 24A What was trade like in the Americas? • Loose interactive web in North America • Cahokia, Chaco, others traded indirectly with Caribbean and others • It was a very WEAK connection • Major trade network in Mesoamerica • Maya and Teotihuacan traded by land • Maya had dugout canoes to trade by sea • Aztecs had professional merchants

50. 24B Cahokia • Near St. Louis on the Mississippi River • Part of the “Mound Builders” • Right in the middle of the loose network of American trade • Archaeologists found • Shells from Atlantic coast • Buffalo hides from Great Plains • Obsidian from Rocky Mountains • Mica (shiny rock) from Appalachians • This proves that there was some long distance trade