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Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems: An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach

This study explores how to address stakeholder problems in software applications using an agent- and goal-oriented approach. By examining real-life cases like the London Ambulance Services manual dispatch debacle, the research discusses effective methods to ensure software solutions align with stakeholder needs and goals. Through an integrated Problem Interdependency Graph and Softgoal Interdependency Graph, the study highlights the importance of representing stakeholder issues to develop robust software solutions.

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Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems: An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach

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  1. Extending Problem Frames to Deal with Stakeholder Problems:An Agent- and Goal-Oriented Approach Sam Supakkul Lawrence Chung The University of Texas at Dallas

  2. A storm is coming… Is it a problem? http://www.skystef.be/images/Lightning/slides/2008-06-02-1818-Kampenhout.jpg

  3. Yes, if we want outdoor fun http://www.alphabetgolf.co.uk/alphabetgolf.co.uk/Outdoor%20Party%20Dance.jpg

  4. No, if we’re dying for it want healthy crops http://earthfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/egypt-drought.jpg http://coofweb.deza.admin.ch/pictures/nepal/nrm/en_maize_farmer.jpg

  5. Same phenomenon problem blessing http://www.batt69.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/little-boy-who-didnt-buy-an-eddie-bauer-umbrella-he-got-caught-in-the-rain.gif

  6. “Being wet” situational phenomenon “have outdoor fun” goal negatively affect cause phenomenon negatively affects someone’s goals “Storm” causal phenomenon

  7. How to deal with stakeholder problems in software related applications?

  8. London Ambulance Services (LAS) 1994 manual dispatch debacle http://www.publicrecordsguy.com/wp-content/uploads/jayci-yaeger.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg http://www.geograph.org.uk/photos/67/30/673019_1ca5dedb.jpg http://www.lancashire.police.uk/uploads/pics/hatecrime3.jpg

  9. “Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal negatively affect a sub-problem of cause “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation Source:http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-15211039.jpg?size=67&uid={e94b3c3f-0338-426a-8bb8-a1289c55c307} http://www.raf-upper-heyford.org/Vehicle_Ops_Dispatch_office.jpg http://www.dr-dude.com/images/PaperStack.jpg http://www.royblakeley.name/roy_james_blakeley/lyndon_johnson_situation_room19680216.jpg http://www.keepnitsimple.org/images/purestock_1574r-01116.medium.jpg

  10. LAS was developing a CAD system in early 90’s solves? How to ensure system solves stakeholder problem? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg/800px-London_Ambulance_at_Abbey_Road.jpg http://www.mobilecomms-technology.com/projects/astrid/images/new1.jpg http://www.ukemergency.co.uk/ambulance/dsc09044.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg/250px-London_Ambulance_on_Hamilton_Terrace_.jpg

  11. Requirements and specifications = software problem domains specifications requirements phenomena Software problem = what to be built by developers

  12. How to make sure solves? software problem solves stakeholder problem?

  13. “A problem unstated is a problem unsolved” -- Douglas Ross, 1977

  14. Concepts to represent “Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal soft-problem negatively affect softgoal Undesirable Situation Sub-problem of cause Undesirable Mechanism sub-problem “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation

  15. stakeholder problem = Phenomenon…negatively affectssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchbreakspatient’ssafety Type[Topic]

  16. stakeholder problem = phenomenon…hurtssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchbreakspatient’ssafety

  17. stakeholder problem = phenomenon…affectssomeone’sgoals Ineffective manual dispatchaffectspatient’ssafety

  18. Root-cause analysis Problem Interdependency Graph (PIG)

  19. Solving stakeholder problems Recover “Ineffective manual dispatch” situation Nasima’s “safety” goal negatively affect Detect Sub-problem of Prevent cause “Ineffective comm. in the call center” situation “Physical movement of incident forms” operation Contain/quarantine

  20. Solving stakeholder problem Integrated Problem Interdependency Graph (PIG) and Softgoal Interdependency Graph (SIG)

  21. OR AND Stakeholder problem sufficiently addressed? AND OR v (OR) ^ (AND)

  22. How to make sure solves? software problem solves stakeholder problem?

  23. Extended problem diagram Integrated PIG - SIG

  24. Benefits of integrated problem- and goal-oriented analysis Ineffectiveness[ManualDispatch] problem vs. 1992 CAD solution

  25. Limitations • behavioral solutions not traceable to • domain and phenomena • non- behavioral solutions not traceable

  26. Observations Syntactic Semantic Problem ≠ negated goal Soft-problem Softgoal Solution ≠ negated problem

  27. Conclusion Contributions stakeholder problems representation Soft-problem (Undesirable Situation, Undesirable Mechanism) Integrated root-cause and solution analysis PIG - SIG Traceability: agents, goals, stakeholder problems, s/w problems Extended problem diagram Future Work Detailed traceability solutions and domains/phenomena Integration with negative models e.g. anti-goal and abuse frames

  28. no problem PIG – Problem Interdependency Graph Thank you

  29. Benefits of using goal-oriented reasoning Recover affect Crew’s “safe return” goal “Loss of power and oxygen” situation Detect caused by caused by Contain/quarantine Prevent the cause “explosion of fuel cells” phenomenon

  30. Fishbone Diagram http://www.diegm.uniud.it/create/Handbook/techniques/List/Immagini/FishboneDiagram.gif

  31. Fault Tree http://www.qualitytrainingportal.com/resources/problem_solving/images/fault_tree.gif

  32. The i* Framework Lin Liu, Eric Yu, and John Mylopoulos, “Security and Privacy Requirements Analysis within a Social Setting“, RE’03

  33. Anti-goal Axel van Lamsweerde, “Elaborating Security Requirements by Construction of Intentional Anti-Models”, ICSE’04

  34. Misuse Cases Guttorm Sindre and Andreas L. Opdahl, “Eliciting security requirements with misuse cases”, RE Journal, 2005

  35. Abuse Frames L.Lin, et. al, “Analysing Security Threats and Vulnerabilities Using Abuse Frames”, Technical Report, October 2003

  36. An integration of goals and problem frames Steven J. Bleistein, Karl Cox, and June Verner, “Validating strategic alignment of organizational IT requirements using goal modeling and problem diagrams”, Journal of Systems and Software, 2005

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