Vitamins and Hormones 412 ABC

2. Vitamins and Hormones412 ABC Mohamed abdel-shakur Teaching Assistant in Biochemistry Department

3. VITAMIN A

4. Vitamin A

5. Vitamin A

6. Vitamin a

7. Vitamin a : deficiencies Susceptibility to infections including measles and HIV Night blindness, Impaired vision, inability to see in dim light Hyperkeratosis, Skin is rough, bumpy, irritated Keratinization, the condition when keratin (an insoluble protein) accumulates in the cornea Xerophthalmia, when the vit A deficiency progresses causing drying and thickening of the eye

8. Vitamin a: overdoses Hypervitaminosis occurs with an acute dose of 150000 RAE or long term intake of RAE per day Nausea, increased pressure in the skull Headache, hair loss, dry skin, anorexia Birth defects, liver damage Abnormal bone growth Decreased clotting time

9. Identification of vit a Fish oil Chloroform H2SO4 conc. Blue Brown-red color

10. Vitamin a determination • Carr-price method • Reagents: chloroform, Diethyl ether (or petroleum ether), Carr-price reagent (250g SbCl3/L Chloroform), standard solution of B-carotene • Carr-price reagent (SbCl3) must be prepared in chloroform in the presence of AAA for remove any traces of water • The product color is unstable so we must measure the color directly (20-30 S) after added Carr-price reagent

11. Vit a, B-carot Determination In food Food KOH (Alcohol) Saponification 24 h at room temp. Extraction by Ether Vit A and carotenoids Extract Total Carotenoids only at 440 nm Vit A and carotenes Carr-price reagent Measure at 620 nm

12. Vitamine e

13. Vitamin e: Food sources

14. Vitamin e: medical and nutritional role

15. Vitamin e: Deficiencies Dog, Rabbits:Muscular Dystrophy, Liver necrosis, Myocardial degeneration. Rat:Liver necrosis, Reproductive tissues degeneration. Human:Hemolysis in red blood cells, Anemia, neural degeneration.

16. Vitamin e: overdoses Vitamin E appears to be one of the least toxic of the vitamins. In adults 200-800 mg/day are well tolerated without adverse effects. However, Vitamin E overdose may increases blood pressure.

17. Vitamin E: identification 5 drop corn oil 10 drops HNO3 (conc.) Mix with shaking Red color

18. Vitamin E: determination • Reagents • Ethanol (absolute) • Xylene • Pet. Ether • FeCl3 reagent (1.2g FeCl3/1 L Eth.) • Alpha alpha dipyridyl reagent (1.2g FeCl3/1 L propanol) • Standard tocopherol (10 mg/1 L Eth.)

19. Vitamin E: Determination • Notes • The saponification of Vit. E must be under nitrogen condition and in presence of antioxidant material (Vit C, Pyrogallol) because Vit. E may be oxidized in the presence of alkali

20. Vitamin E: determination in serum 1.5 ml serum Mix 1.5 ml ethanol + 1.5 ml xylene 3 ml Pet. Ether then centrifuge 1 ml + 0.3 ml FeCl3 + dipyridyl Extract ( vit. E and carotenoids) Tea red color Measure at 520 nm Total cartenoids only at 440 nm Calculation: serum tocopherol mg/L= OD of sample A520nm – A440nm/ OD of standerd) . 0.029 . Conc. Of standard (10 mg)

21. Vitamin E: determination in food Food oil KOH (alcoholic) saponification 24 h at room temperature Pet. Ether Extract ( vit. E and carotenoids) Tea red color Measure at 520 nm Total cartenoids only at 440 nm Calculation: serum tocopherol mg/L= OD of sample A520nm – A440nm/ OD of standerd) . 0.029 . Conc. Of standard (10 mg)

22. Vitamin c (ascorbic acid)

23. Vitamin c (Properties)

24. Vit. c (medical and nutritional role)

25. Vitamin c (daily requiremet) • Children: 40 mg/day • Adult: 60 mg/day for male • 55 mg/day for femal

26. Vitamin c (mode of action) Vitamin c maintains bone and tooth Playes imortant role in collagen synthresis by convert proline to hydroxy proline Plays imorotant role in transfer electrons in respiratory chain in mitocndria Acts as antioxidant with vit E Maintains peroxidase system in blody Help iron absorption in body

27. Vitamin c (dificiency causes) Anemia in children Join pain Odema Scurvy Weakness In laboratory animal vit c deficiency causes anemia, loss of weight, forming upnormal collagen

28. Vitamin c (over dose) • It has no toxic effect but it may be because • Kidney jaundice • Inhibit mitosis • Damage in B cell in pancreas which causes decreasing isuline production

29. Vitamin D

30. Vitamin d

31. Vitamin D: Food sources

32. Vit. D: medical and nutritional role • Units:1 IU of vitamin D3=0.025 μg of vitamin D3 • Normal blood level: 66-165 IU/100 serum • Daily requirements: • Children older than 6 months to adults age 24: 10 μg (400 IU) day • Adults above 24 yrs: 5 μg (200 IU) day • Pregnant and lactating women: 10 μg (400 IU) day • Administration: • Oral, preferred route – topical, through skin • Injection, subcutaneous, IP, IM as vit D3 esters

33. Vitamin D: deficiencies In infants and children, vitamin D deficiency results in rickets In adults, deprivation of vitamin D leads to impaired Ca absorption affecting bone mineralization Demineralization is impaired resulting in bone pain and osteomalacia (soft bone)

34. Vitamin D: overdoses In infants, anorexia, nausea, vomiting In adults, dosages of 10000 IU day for several months can cause hypocalcaemia, with possible calcification of soft tissues (calcinosis), such as kidney, heart, lungs, and blood vessels Muscular weakness and join pains

35. Vitamin D: identification Fish oil Aniline Boiling for 30 sec. Yellow emulsion Dingy green – Brown-red color

36. Vitamin D: determination • Reagents • H2SO4 conc. • Isopropyl alcohol • FeCl3 reagents (100 mg FeCl3/100 ml Glacial AA) • Standard pro vit D solution (20 mg/100 ml isppropanol ) • Notes • The measurement of vit. D must be under nitrogen condition because vit D may be oxidized in the presence of air

37. Vitamin D: determination in blood 0.2 ml blood 4 ml isopropyl Mix 5 min Centrifuge Stand 15 min 1 ml susp. + 2 ml FeCl3 + 2 ml H2SO4 Mix slowly Stands 10 min Color – 580 nm

38. Vitamin D: determination in blood Calculation Concentration of pro Vit D = (OD of sample/OD of standard) × Conc. Of standard

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