Aim: What TWO cell processes make life on Earth possible?

1. Aim: What TWO cell processes make life on Earth possible? • Do Now: • HW: Textbook pages 222-227; #1-5 in complete sentences! READ CAREFULLY • Castle Learning “HW #10 – if not completed!

2. “It's not easy bein' green…” but it is ESSENTIAL for LIFE on EARTH!

3. Two Important Cell Processes

4. Two Chemical Reactions Make Life Possible • Photosynthesis: Converts SOLAR energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose. • Cell Respiration: Releases energy stored in glucose and creates high-energy ATP used to do work.

6. The Origin of the Word… Photo – “light” Synthesis – “putting together” Using "light" energy to "put together" glucose

8. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?

9. Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible Light Gammarays Infrared & Microwaves X-rays UV Radio waves Visible light Wavelength (nm)

10. WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN? Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors. Micro-waves Radio waves Gammarays X-rays Infrared UV Visible light Wavelength (nm)

11. The feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments. These pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others. Reflected light Sunlight minus absorbed wavelengths or colors equals the apparent color of an object.

12. Why are plants green? Reflected light Transmitted light

13. THE COLOR YOU SEE IS THE COLOR REFLECTED • Chloroplasts contain PIGMENTS (chlorophyll) that absorb the sun’s energy and use it to create glucose Light

14. AIM: How are plants able to transform SOLAR energy into CHEMICAL energy? • Do you recall? • Which organelle is the site of autotrophic nutrition? • What are the two raw materials necessary for a plant to perform photosynthesis? • The screen you are looking at appears green – what does that mean in terms of the light being reflected vs. absorbed by the screen?

15. THE BASICS: • Autotrophs perform photosyn. And include most plants, some bacteria and protists (algae) • Capable of synthesizing organic materials from inorganic raw materials • Ultimate source of energy = Sun (c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria (b) Kelp (a) Mosses, ferns, and flowering plants

16. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

18. THE BASICS: • Organelle: Occurs in the CHLOROPLAST • Raw materials: Carbon dioxide & Water • Products: Glucose & Oxygen gas • Plants use some Glucose for their own energy– and store excess as STARCH

20. AIM: What are the two reactions that make up photosynthesis? • DO NOW: • Using the diagram at the right– • what are the raw materials? • What are the products? • What is the source of energy? • What types of molecules (not shown here) are involved in speeding up the reactions involved in photosynthesis? HW: Photosynthesis Handout

21. THE BASICS: • Enzymes (protein catalysts) speed this reaction up • Plants obtain CO2 from atmosphere & water from soil and precipitation • Composed of 2 separate reactions: • The light reaction • The light-independent reaction (dark)

22. The Structure of the Chloroplasts • Leaves contain the most chloroplasts • Chloroplast contains: • STROMA, a fluid filling the space in the chloroplast – Dark Reaction occurs here • GRANA, stacks of THYLAKOIDS – Light Reaction occurs here • The THYLAKOIDS contain pigments: • Chlorophyll a - green pigment that captures light for photosynthesis • Chlorophyll b and c • Carotenoids

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wi60tQa8jfE&feature=related Stack of Pancakes Surrounding Space

24. The Light and Dark Reactions: • LIGHTREACTION: splits water molecule using sun’s energy and releases OXYGEN GAS • By-product: Produces ATP & NADPH (to be used in the dark reaction) • LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION (Dark Reaction): uses by-products from first reaction and carbon dioxide to produce SUGAR

25. What are the gas bubbles produced by the plant?Which of the 2 reactions produced these bubbles, the light or the dark?

26. THE 2 REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. What molecule is split using the energy of the sun to create oxygen gas? 2. What does the plant do with excess sugar that is made? 3. What is the product of the Dark Reaction? 4. Within which organelle do both the light and dark reactions occur? 5. What are the two raw materials necessary for the process of photosynthesis? 6. What is a scientific name for organisms that are capable of performing photosynthesis

27. TAKE A LOOK AT THE DIFFERENT PIGMENTS SHOWN HERE!

28. An Overview of Photosynthesis

29. Aim: Have we mastered the chemical reactions of photosynthesis? • Do Now: • An unknown bacterial cell is observed with a compound light microscope. Identify the structure that, if observed, would indicate that this bacteria is an autotroph. • Name one organic molecule that contains carbon – name one inorganic molecule that contains carbon. • HW: Photosynthesis handout

30. STRUCTURE OF A LEAF • Leaves have large surface area for maximum absorption of sunlight • Stomates: tiny openings on underside of leaf surface that allow for gas exchange and water evaporation • Guard Cells: control opening and closing of stomates, assist in maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS: • During DROUGHT, guard cells close stomates preventing DEHYDRATION

32. Stomate Guard Cell

34. "opening" A B controls the opening

37. Large Surface Area for Photosynthesis

39. Abiotic = nonliving part of ecosystem (ex. minerals, water, temperature)

43. Photosynthesis Song • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1_uez5WX1o • The World of Plants: Photosynthesis – unitedstreaming.com

44. CHROMATOGRAPHY: Separating plant pigments (COLORS)

45. CHROMATOGRAPHY