Protein Synthesis

1. Protein Synthesis

2. Notes: The Big Picture • All cells in an organism contain an __________________ of that organism’s genetic code. • Restate: entire copy

3. How do all the cells of an organisms contain the same DNA? (Hint: What process?) Mitosis

4. Where do all of the cells in your body come from?

5. Questions Do all of the cells in your body have the same: • Structure? • Function? • Deoxyribonucleic Acid? Neuron Epithelial Cells (Skin)

6. Example: • The Pancreas contains a complete copy of your DNA, but the gene for insulin (among others) is activated (on). • Would the adrenal gland have an entire copy of your DNA? • Would your adrenal gland have the gene for insulin activated (on)?

7. Notes: The Big Picture • How do specialized cells know which part of the genetic code they are responsible for? • Specialized cells have different genes expressed (turned on). Those genes allow specific proteins to be synthesized, which aides their function. Cell Differentiation • This process is CALLED:

8. HOW do genes become activated? Any ideas?

9. What conclusion can you make based on the data below? Warmer T = More Males Colder T = More Females

10. Conclusion: Male Female

11. Huh? • How did this happen? • What did the temperature “do” to the baby turtles? • Increased temperatures activate the genes that allow the turtles to become males. True for Ridley Sea Turtle…but NOT Humans

12. Notes: The Big Picture • How can genes be activated? • Environmental Factors • Temperature • Smoking/pollutants • Light • Chemicals • Oxygen • Drugs

13. Summary- • Use the terms cell differentiation, genetic code, and expressed to summarize today’s lesson. • Cell differentiation allows the genetic code to have certain parts expressed.

14. Protein Synthesis Unit Learning Targets • The point is to understand how cells use DNA to create traits. • By the end of this unit you will describe how DNA codes for traits, the steps of protein synthesis, & how environmental and chemical factors affect gene expression in organisms.

16. DNA Characteristics • Basic Central Dogma: ________ ________  ________ Proteins DNA Traits

17. What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid? Why is it important to you? DNA is your genetic information that codes for your traits.

18. What does DNA give a code for? DNA codes for PROTEINS-- these determine your TRAITS.

19. Draw & label 3 forms of DNA. Double helix Chromatin (in the nucleus) Chromosome

20. What are the 3 main parts of DNA? • Sugar (Deoxyribose) • Phosphate • Nitrogen base • Nitrogen Base + sugar + Phosphate = A NUCLEOTIDE

21. Draw DNA

22. Draw a Nucleotide using the three parts below:

23. Draw a DNA and point to where the bases are located.

24. How do the bases in DNA code for proteins? • The order of the nitrogen bases tell your cells to make certain proteins.

25. In the end what does DNA code for? • DNA codes for PROTEINS. • DNA Proteins

26. Draw the central dogma. DNA Transcription Nucleus mRNA Translation Ribosome Protein Traits

27. What step did we add? DNA • Added mRNA mRNA

28. Will this be true for all kingdoms? Yes, except for bacteria.

29. Protein Synthesis

30. Compare/ Contrast DNA & mRNA.

31. mRNA vs. DNA mRNA is very similar to DNA….but there are differences. How many strands does DNA have? mRNA has only 1 strand. 2 strands, DNA is double stranded. mRNA is single stranded.

32. mRNA vs. DNA What kind of sugar is found in DNA? mRNA has a different sugar. Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA. Ribose is the sugar in RNA

33. mRNA vs. DNA What are the 4 nitorgen bases in DNA? What do each pair up with? A- Adenine C- Cytosine G- Guanine T- Thymine A—T G—C

34. mRNA vs. DNA mRNA does not have a “T” (Thymine) and instead has a “U” for Uracil. Therefore, what are the four nitrogen bases for RNA? DNA RNA U A  T  G  C  U T A C G

35. mRNA vs. DNA What is DNA’s job/function? mRNA’s job is to code for specific proteins. What do the proteins eventually make? It is your genetic information that codes for mRNA. Traits

36. mRNA vs. DNA Where is DNA always located? Can DNA ever leave the nucleus? Because DNA cannot ever leave the _________ , it must code for another form to leave the nucleus. Nucleus. No, its too large. Nucleus

37. Compare DNA & RNA • Similarities: They both have nucleotides.

38. Compare DNA & RNA

39. Explore You just ate ice cream and drank a Dr. Pepper. Your body must secrete Insulin (a protein). Where are the instructions? Where are proteins made? What are the specifics?

40. Draw the central dogma. DNA Transcription Nucleus mRNA Translation Ribosome Protein Traits

42. Transcription Transcription= Is transcription happening in every gene every second? Yes If DNA cannot leave the nucleus, then where must transcription occur? ***mRNA is the blueprint for converting the message of DNA into proteins. The process of making mRNA from DNA. In the nucleus.

43. Process of Transcription • Transcription Animation

44. Draw Transcription

45. Elaborate: • Have we made a protein yet? • What if this was a fungi? • Bacteria? • Plant?

46. Elaborate • Predict what would happen if the gene for insulin was added to a bacterial cell.

47. Skip Page 10 • We will come back to this page tomorrow

48. Complete Venn DiagramDNA vs. RNA • Double strand • Thymine • Nucleus • Strores genetic info • Double helix shape • Goes through Replication • Deoxyribose sugar • Single strand • Uracil • Cytoplasm • Made of 3 base units = codons • Ribose sugar • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine • Comprised of Nucleotides

49. Translation Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. A codon chart is used to easily determine the amino acid that each codon codes for. Practice: Which amino acid do each of these codons code for? UUA CCC AGA GAC

50. Determine which amino acid UUA codes for?