The Caltech High Energy Physics Experimental Program

1. The Caltech High Energy PhysicsExperimental Program David HitlinMarch 27, 2003

2. High Energy Elementary Particle Physics at Caltech • Major research areas • e+e- collider physics • Decays of heavy quarks and leptons • Search for CP violation in heavy quark weak decays • Search for the origin of mass and symmetry-breaking • Search for phenomena beyond the Standard Model • Measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters • Study of very high energy cosmic rays • New detector technologies

3. Caltech HEP Who are we? • 6 teaching faculty (Barish, Hitlin, Newman, Porter, Peck, Weinstein) • ~10 postdoctoral/research faculty • ~10 graduate students • Visitors, technical and administrative staff Organization of research groups • We operate under an ongoing DOE umbrella grant ($5.7M in FY03)with pooled resources • There are two series of weekly seminars • Monday – exp/theory • Tuesday – exp-informal • Close contact with the HEP theory group • Overlap of interests with nuclear/astrophysics/space physics groups • Excellent resources at Caltech and JPL

4. Caltech HEP Research Groups • BABAR (at PEP-II at SLAC) – Dubois-Felsmann, Hitlin, Porter • Taking data at the PEP-II asymmetric e+e-collider at SLAC • Producing lots of heavy quark and heavy lepton physics, including first measurements of CP-violating asymmetries in B meson decay • Preparing near-term upgrades • Designing and doing R&D for SuperBABAR and SuperPEP-II • luminosity 1036 cm-2s-1 vs current 5 x 1033 cm-2s-1 • MINOS (Soudan Mine, n beam from Fermilab) – Barish, Peck, Michael • Under construction. Has commenced data-taking with cosmic rays -preliminary beam at end of 2004 • CMS (at LHC at CERN) – Newman, Weinstein, Zhu • Under construction. Will commence data-taking in ~2007-8 • NLC (Next Linear Collider) – in the future

5. HEP group objectives – the frontiers of particle physics • The goal of most experimental efforts is to find physics beyond the Standard Model • Strategies • Precision determination of the parameters of the Standard Model • The “intensity frontier” • BABAR at PEP-II – CP violation, rare b,c,t decays • MINOS at FNAL, Soudan – n oscillations • Search for new phenomena • The “energy frontier” • CMS at LHC – Search for the Higgs, supersymmetric particles and other new phenomena • NLC – Detailed studies of new phenomena discovered at LHC

6. The Three Generation Standard Model • There is experimental evidence (SLC/LEP) that there are no more thanthree generations of neutrinoslighter than the Z0 meson • It is natural to infer, then, that there are only three generations of quarks • There are also the gauge bosons of the theory

7. BABAR at Caltech • The Caltech BABAR group lives on the third floor of Lauritsen: Please drop by anytime on Friday http://www.hep.caltech.edu/~babar/ http://www.slac.stanford.edu/BFROOT/ There are potential openings for new students on BABAR

8. BABARat PEP-II • BABAR is an experiment at the PEP-II asymmetric e+e-B Factory at SLAC • BABAR’s physics goals are to search for physics beyond the Standard Model by making novel tests of the consistency of the CKM matrix (shown here in the Wolfenstein parametization: Is h, the CP-violating phase of the CKM matrix, non-zero? If so, is its value consistent with the value implied by CP-conserving measurements?

9. BABAR/PEP-II Status • PEP-II now has a peak luminosity of 5.2 x 1033 cm-2s-1, exceeding the design goal of 3 x 1033 • BABAR has been taking data at PEP-II since mid-1999 • The data sample (Band charm mesons and t leptons) is now 112 fb-1 and is growing rapidly • We expect to have collected ~0.5 ab-1by 2005 • The size and quality of the data sample provides opportunities to substantially improve many existing experimental results in B, charm and t physics, as well as to make new discoveries of important rare decays and produce analyses of unprecedented sophistication • Upgrades of BABARto take advantage of ever-increasing PEP-II luminosity, are under design, providing an opportunity for detector-related hardware/software contributions  Planning is underway to increase PEP-II luminosity to 1036 and to upgrade the detector to SuperBABAR

10. BABAR made first measurement of CP violation in the B meson system sin2b= 0.723  0.158 sin2b= 0.755  0.074 sin2b= 0.741  0.067 (stat)  0.033 (sys)

11. Constraints on the unitarity triangle One solution for b is in excellent agreement with measurements of unitarity triangle apex

12. Current ACP(fKs) has large errors, but opposite sign Have we found hints of physics beyond the Standard Model? Pure CKM forbidden penguin amplitude

13. The MINOS Experiment • MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino • Oscillation Search) is an • accelerator “long-baseline” • neutrino oscillation experiment. • The nmbeam is generated using • protons from the Fermilab Main • injector and sent to the Soudan • underground laboratory in northern • Minnesota, 730 km away. • Sensitive to “atmospheric” oscillations. B. Barish, B. Choudhary, R. Knapp, D. Michael, H. Newman, C. Peck, E. Tardiff

14. MINOS at Caltech • The MINOS lives on the second and third floors of Lauritsen: Please drop by anytime on Friday http://www.hep.caltech.edu/minos/minos.html http://www-numi.fnal.gov/ There are openings for new students on MINOSb

15. Det. 2 Det. 1 The MINOS Experiment • Precision measurements of: • Energy distribution of oscillations • Measurement of oscillation parameters • Participation of neutrino flavors • First protons on target in Dec. 2004. • Direct measurement of n vs n oscillation • Magnetized far detector: atm. n’s. • Likely eventual measurement with beam • Already accumulating data Near Detector: 980 tons Far Detector: 5400 tons 735 km

16. (Nm/Ne)data R= (Nm/Ne)MC No Oscillation Best Fit nm-nt oscillation: sin2 2q = 1.0, Dm2 = 0.0025 eV2 Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations Data from Super-Kamiokande = 0.64 for E<1.3 GeV = 0.66 for E>1.3 GeV

17. Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) • 120 GeV protons • 1.9 second cycle time • 4x1013 protons/pulse • 0.4 MW! • Single turn extraction (10ms) • 4x1020 protons/year • 700 m x 2 m diameter decay pipe for neutrino beam. • 200 m rock absorber. • Near detector complex. • All excavation complete. Near detector

18. The MINOS Far Detector • 8m octagonal steel & scintillator tracking calorimeter • Sampling every 2.54 cm • 4cm wide strips of scintillator • 2 sections, 15m each • 5.4 kton total mass • 55%/E for hadrons • 23%/E for electrons • Magnetized Iron (B~1.5T) • 484 planes of scintillator • 26,000 m2 One Supermodule of the Far Detector… The far detector is now 90% complete. The near detector is assembled on the surface at Fermilab .

19. Status of MINOS Construction • The far detector is >90% built and operating. • The magnetic field is on in the first half. • The full detector will be complete by • June 2003. • A cosmic-ray veto shield is installed on • 1/2 of the detector. • Cosmic Ray data are being collected • for calibration and commissioning.

20. An atmospheric neutrino event nm interaction Direction of travel

21. Measurement of Oscillations in MINOS Super-K, Neutrino 2002 Note: These results are for 2 years of running. Now in the process of planning longer running with higher proton intensity.

22. CMS at the LHC at CERN • Higgs Physics • SUSY and searches for other new physics from Electroweak to Quantum Gravity • Precision Electroweak studies to the TeV Scale

23. CALTECH L3/CMS GROUP • E. Aslakson, A. Bornheim, J. Bunn, D. Collados, G. Denis, P. Galvez, M. Gataullin, S. Iqbal, I. Legrand, V. Litvin, D. Nae, H. Newman (247), S. Pappas (352), S. Ravot, S. Shevchenko, S. Singh, E. Soedermadji, C. Steenberg (344), F. Van Lingen, R. Wilkinson (259), L. Zhang, K. Wei, Q. Wei, A. Weinstein (260) R. Y. Zhu (243) • CMS At LHC 1994 - 2020+ • Search for Higgs, SUSY, New Physics from Electroweak to Quantum Gravity • Precision Electroweak to the TeV Scale • Emphasis on Precision e/g Measurements • MINOS At FNAL: 2001 - 2006+ • Neutrino Oscillations and Flavor Mixing

24. The Large Hadron Collider (2007-) • A next-generation particle collider • the largest superconductor installation in the world • A bunch-bunch collision every 25 ns, generating 20 interactions • Only one in a trillion may lead to a major physics discovery • Real-time data filtering: Petabytes per second to Gigabytes per second • Accumulated data of many Petabytes/Year (1 Exabyte by ~2012) • Large data samples explored and analyzed by thousands of geographically dispersed scientists, in hundreds of teams

25. Higgs Events In CMS Higgs to Two Photons Higgs to Four Muons FULL CMSSIMULATION • General purpose pp detector;well-adapted to lower initial luminosity • Crystal ECAL for precise e and g measurements • Baseline: Precise all-silicon tracker (223 m2); three pixel layers • Excellent muon ID and precisemomentum measurements (Tracker + Standalone Muon) • Hermetic jet measurements with good resolution

26. 1 year 3 months MH = 130 GeV Physics Potential of CMS At L=2x1033 cm-2s-1 • 1 fill (6hrs) ~ 26 pb-1 • 1 day ~ 60 pb-1 • 1 month ~ 2 fb-1 • 1 year ~ 20 fb-1 The CMS detector is well optimised for precision LHC physics as well as new particle searches

27. Higgs, SUSY and Dark Matter Discovery Reach at CMS • The full range of SM Higgs masses will be covered • mH< 1 TeV • In the MSSM Higgs sector • mH< 130 GeV maximum • Nearly all the parameter space will be explored • Discovery reach for SUSY • squarks and gluinos to M > 2 TeV (not sensitive to SM bkgds) • sleptons to m > 400 GeV • Cosmologically interesting region of SUSY parameters covered • SUSY leptons • SUSY signals likely to be visible in the first (few) fb- 1 • LHC startup in Spring 2007 P.Lecoq

28. Caltech Role: Precision e/g Physics With CMS H 0ggin the CMS Precision ECAL • Crystal quality in mass production • Precision laser monitoring • Study of calibration physics channels • Inclusive J/y,U, W, Z • Realistic H0gg background studies: 2.5 M simulated events • Signal/Bgd optimization:g/jet separation • Vertex reconstruction with associated tracks • Photon reconstruction: Pixels + ECAL + Tracker • Optimization of tracker layout • ECAL Design: Crystal sizes cost- optimized for g/jet separation

29. Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center Tier2 Center HPSS HPSS HPSS HPSS LHC Data Grid Hierarchy: Originated by Caltech CERN/Outside Resource Ratio ~1:2Tier0/( Tier1)/( Tier2) ~1:1:1 ~PByte/sec ~100 MBytes/sec Online System Experiment CERN 700k SI95 ~1 PB Disk; Tape Robot Tier 0 +1 HPSS ~2.5 Gbits/sec Tier 1 FNAL: 200k SI95; 600 TB IN2P3 Center INFN Center RAL Center Tier 2 ~2.5 Gbps ~2.5 Gbps Tier 3 Physicists work on analysis “channels” Each institute has ~10 physicists working on one or more channels Institute ~0.25TIPS Institute Institute Institute 100 - 1000 Mbits/sec Physics data cache Tier 4 Workstations

30. TeraGrid Wide Area Network: NCSA, ANL, SDSC, Caltech StarLight: Int’l Optical Peering Point (see www.startap.net) Abilene Chicago DTF Backplane(4x: 40 Gbps) Indianapolis Urbana Pasadena Starlight / NW Univ UIC San Diego I-WIRE Multiple Carrier Hubs Ill Inst of Tech ANL OC-48 (2.5 Gb/s, Abilene) Univ of Chicago Multiple 10 GbE (Qwest) Multiple 10 GbE (I-WIRE Dark Fiber) NCSA/UIUC Indianapolis (Abilene NOC) • Solid lines in place and/or available in 2001 • Dashed I-WIRE lines planned for Summer 2002 Source: Charlie Catlett, Argonne

31. Grad student opportunities • Caltech plays a major role in the experiments in which it is involved • Grad students take on important projects and become central to the effort • Caltech grad students have a very high retention rate in the field and often go on to leadership roles • There are opportunities with experiments • currently taking data • working on upgrades • in preparation, nearing turnon - MINOS • in preparation, with a longer timescale - CMS • in the planning stage – SuperBABAR, NLC BABAR