Understanding Cardiovascular Systems: From Cnidarians to Mammals

1. Internal transport in the Cnidarian Aurelia

2. Open and Closed Circulatory Systems

3. The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look

4. Generalized Circulatory Schemes of Vertebrates

5. The Mammalian Cardiovascular System: An Overview

6. The Heart • Cardiac muscle • Atria have thin walls • Ventricles have thick and powerful walls • Systole = ventricular contraction blood is pumped • Diastole = ventricular filling

7. The Cardiac Cycle • One complete • sequence of pumping • and filling

8. Lub dub = heart sounds opening and closing of the valves • Lub = blood recoiling against the AV valves • Dub = blood recoiling against SL valves • Heart murmur = valve defect

9. The Control of Heart Rhythm

10. The Structure of Blood Vessels

11. Blood Pressure • The force that blood exerts against vessel walls • BP is greater in arteries than veins • Pulse is measure of BP • Exact BP is measured as systolic/diastolic pressures • Constricted blood vessels have higher BP than dilated vessels • In veins heart has little effect on BP

12. Measurement of Blood Pressure

13. The Interrelationship of Blood Flow Velocity, Cross-Sectional Area of Blood Vessels, and Blood Pressure

14. Blood Flow in Capillary Beds The thoroughfare channels remain open whether or not the sphincter muscles are contracted or relaxed

15. The Movement of Fluid BetweenCapillaries and the Interstitial Fluid fluid moves out of capillary fluid moves into capillary

16. Lymphatic System • Lymphatic system returns lost fluid to circulatory system (about 4L per day or 15% of the fluid) • Lymph nodes filter the lymph and help fight infection

17. Differentiation of Blood Cells 5-6 million/mm3

18. Atherosclerosis: Normal Artery and Artery With Plaque

19. 3 The platelets form a plug that provides emergency protection against blood loss. The clotting process begins when the endothelium of a vessel is damaged, exposing connective tissue in the vessel wall to blood. Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in the connective tissue and release a substance that makes nearby platelets sticky. This seal is reinforced by a clot of fibrin when vessel damage is severe. Fibrin is formed via amultistep process: Clotting factors released fromthe clumped platelets or damaged cells mix withclotting factors in the plasma, forming an activation cascade that converts a plasma proteincalled prothrombin to its active form, thrombin.Thrombin itself is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the clotting process, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The threads of fibrin become interwoven into a patch (see colorized SEM). 2 1 Collagen fibers Fibrin clot Plateletplug Red blood cell Platelet releases chemicalsthat make nearby platelets sticky Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrin Figure 42.17 Fibrinogen 5 µm • A cascade of complex reactions converts prothrombin to thrombin and then fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot

20. Blood Clot

21. In which type of blood vessel is the blood pressure the highest? What type of blood vessel provides the heart muscle with oxygen?

22. Name two factors which are under your control that affect your heart and cardiovascular health. What do you think is an “ideal” blood pressure? When is the blood blue?

23. After leaving the right ventricle blood flows to . . The heart is enclosed in a protective sac of muscle called the ______________. The “pacemaker” of the heart is. . ..

24. Of what three substances are the walls of arteries, capillaries, and veins composed?

25. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs in vessels called _____________. During inhalation air passes from the mouth through the pharynx and into the __________.