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General Pathology I. Introduction Methods. Pathology. science on diseases causes (etiology) mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) development (prognosis). Pathology. general special organ nosological (nosos= illness). Methodology of Pathology.
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General Pathology I • Introduction • Methods
Pathology science on diseases • causes (etiology) • mechanisms of formation (pathogenesis) • development (prognosis)
Pathology • general • special • organ • nosological (nosos= illness)
Methodology of Pathology Observation subject • necropsy (autopsy) • biopsy • cytology • experiment • animals • tissue cultures
Observation level macroscopy microscopy ultrastructure Special methods histochemistry immunohistochemistry quantitative (computer) image analysis genetic methods FISH, PCR, CGH, … Methodology of Pathology
Autopsy After the 2nd world war standing decrease abroad < 10%, Czech Rep. < 50% Aims clinicopathological diagnosis cause of death dg. errors therapy effects assessment data on old and new diseases teaching event. medicolegal aspects of death
Autopsy dissection method unchanged since the end of 19th century changes in taking material for special methods & their employment to cope with clinical questions
Clinicopathological Diagnosis • Morbus principalis • Complicationes • Causa mortis • Inventus accesorius • Epicrisis
Biopsy • After the 2nd world war standing increase • Aims • nosological diagnosis • tumour pathology • staging, grading • evaluation of therapy efficiency
„Classical“ Biopsy (formol paraffin technique) • simple may be done in two days • immuno reactions two days more • further sectioning two days more • oncol. dg. - WHO classification
Peroperation Biopsy- Frozen section • reported DURING MINUTES !!! • morphological artefacts (combination with cytology) • limited extensity of investigation • limited time
Cytology • After the 2nd world war standing increase • Aims • screening • nosological diagnosis • evaluation of therapy efficiency
Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Clinical • Pathological
Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Clinical: • macroscopy of lesions • visible with the naked eye • invisible with the naked eye - IMAGING (X-ray, sonography, scintigraphy, endoscopy, CT,…) • magnifying glass - colposcopy
Morphological Diagnostic Methods • Pathological • macroscopy • microscopy • ultrastructure • IMAGING
Morphometric Investigations objectivisation & refinement of diagnostic methods staging (e.g.malignant melanoma) grading (e.g.kidney carcinoma)
Pathology an extremely exciting medical specialty helping to understand & treat the diseases via diagnostic service forall other specialties