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Prologue: The Story of Psychology

Explore the rich history and diverse approaches of psychology, from ancient philosophies to contemporary theories. Learn about influential figures and key debates, as well as the various subfields and perspectives shaping this fascinating field.

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Prologue: The Story of Psychology

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  1. Prologue: The Story of Psychology

  2. Prologue: The Story of Psychology Psychology’s Roots Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Big Debate • Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis • Psychology’s Subfields

  3. Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas. Confucius (551-479 B.C.) In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind. Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body.

  4. Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates Plato Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.

  5. Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.

  6. Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.

  7. Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method.

  8. Pre-scientific Psychology What is the relation of mind to the body?

  9. Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Titchner (1867-1927) Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

  10. Psychological Science is Born Functionalism James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism.

  11. Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.

  12. Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.

  13. Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow (1908-1970) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.

  14. Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).

  15. Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

  16. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis

  17. Psychology’s Current Perspectives Laura constantly fights with her husband because she has a chemical imbalance which causes her to lose her temper. Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.

  18. Psychology’s Current Perspectives Jack drinks because he is funny and entertaining when he drinks and people like to be around him. Choose the correct approach a psychologist would use in Jack's case.

  19. Psychology’s Current Perspectives John drinks because he doesn't think he can function socially unless he is drinking. Which approach would be applicable in John's case? 

  20. Psychology’s Subfields: Research

  21. Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

  22. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

  23. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

  24. Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

  25. Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) • Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. • Question: Ask questions. Make notes. • Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety. • Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes. • Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes.

  26. Close-up Additional Study Hints • Distribute your time. • Listen actively in class. • Over learn. • Be a smart test-taker.

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