ES-103 Computers and Information Systems

1. ES-103 Computers and Information Systems • Instructor: Gürhan Küçük • Email : gkucuk@cse.yeditepe.edu.tr • Room : A409 (1st Floor) • Recommended Book: Computer Tools for an Information Age HL Capron, Addison-Wesley, 8th Ed,2003 • Course Web Page : http://cse.yeditepe.edu.tr/~gkucuk/es103 • Attendance : 80% theoretical, 80% lab • Evaluation : • 30 % Midterm • 40 % FINAL • 30 % Quizzes & Homeworks

2. Material to be Covered • Week 2 Computing today, historical thoughts, introductory terms, Lab: Windows, Explorer, Internet, email, ftp, … • Week 3 Data storage and memory, hardware, software, specialty items, Lab: DOS • Week 4-6 Hardware part I: Numbering systems and codes, CPU, Character-based peripheral devices, Lab: Word • Week 7 Hardware Part II: Data storage and organization,magnetic storage, Lab: Unix • Week 8 Data communication hardware, local area networks, Lab: Unix • Week 9 SUMMARY AND EXAM, Lab: Summary

3. Material to be Covered • Week 10 Networking, Lab: Excel • Week 11 Operating systems, Lab: Excel • Week 12 Application software, Lab: Powerpoint • Week 13 The art of programming, programming languages, flowcharts, Lab: Powerpoint • Week 14 Database Management Systems, Lab: Access • Week ?? Expert Systems, Robotics and Virtual Reality, Lab: Programming

4. Introduction • What is a computer? • Computer as a useful tool: • Wide application area: Companies, Schools, Airports, Hospitals, Banks, Military, Airports... • Quite new: A product of information age. • Industrial age:Electricity, telephones, radio, automobiles, planes • Information age: Computers, Internet, Mobile Communication. • Why a Computers and Information Systems course? • Computer Literacy • Awareness of the computers in the society. • Knowledge about computers and how they work. • Benefit from the use of applications and software provided. • Benefit from using the world wide web.

5. Introduction • Another dimension: • Scientific cruosity for understanding intelligence, the nature of computation and logic. • Computer is an end product. • A product of the desire to understand intelligence and build machines that can automatically perform calculations, computation and other intelligent tasks. • An old problem. • Goes back to ancient times.

6. Calculation and Computation • Calculation: • determiningsomethingbymathematicalorlogicalmethods • Transforming one or more inputs into one or more results. • Multiply 7 and 8. • Computation: • can be defined as finding a solution to a problem from given inputs by means of an algorithm. • Denotes a more general process involving data and algorithms. • Algorithm: A well-defined set of instructions to perform a certain task. • A program that keeps records of students in a school and answers queries about the data it keeps.

7. Calculation and Computation • Scientific research on the theory of calculation, computation and logic began before the modern electronic computers were built. • Involves the work of mathematicians, philosophers and engineers. • To understand the computer technology today, need to go back in history. • Make a tour and find out the milestones that headed the human-beings to the modern technology today. • Three dimensions: • Mathematics • Philosphical issues: Development in logic and understanting intelligence. • Progress in Engineering and Technology. • The ability to built machines and tools that can perform certain tasks.

8. Timeline of Computer Technology 1900 – 1800 BC The first use of place-value number system (eg the decimal system – value of the number depends both on the digit itself and the position of the digit) 1000 – 500 BC The invention of abacus: the first actual calculating mechanism known to man 300 – 600 AD The first use of the number 0, and negative numbers (first appeared in India)

9. Logic • Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.) • The first comprehensive work on formal reasoning. • The roots of formal logic goes back to Aristotle. • Aristotle’s logic forms the base for the mathematical or symbolic logic that we use today. • Leibniz (1646 - 1716) • Alphabet of human thought. • A Symbolic approach. • He tried to represent all fundamental concepts using symbols and combined these symbols to represent more complex thoughts. • Calculus and logic came into play for the first time.

10. Blaise Pascal In 1640 Pascal started developing a device to help his father add sums of money. The Arithmetic Machine could only add and subtract, while multiplication and division operations were implemented by performing a series of additions or subtractions. Arithmetic machine (1642) Gottfried von Leibniz Leibniz developed Pascal's ideas and, in 1671, introduced the Step Reckoner, a device which, as well as performing additions and subtractions, could multiply, divide, and evaluate square roots by series of stepped additions. Step Reckoner (1671) Pascal's and Leibniz's devices were the forebears of today's desk-top computers, and derivations of these machines continued to be produced until their electronic equivalents finally became readily available and affordable in the early 1970s.

11. In the early 1800s, a French silk weaver called Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a way of automatically controlling the a silk loom by recording patterns of holes in a string of cards. In the years to come, variations on Jacquard's punched cards would find a variety of uses, including representing the music to be played by automated pianos and the storing of programs for computers IBM 80-column punched card format

12. Charles Babbage The first device that might be considered to be a computer in the modern sense of the word was conceived in 1822 by the eccentric British mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage. The Difference Engine, which was reconstructed in 1970s from cast iron, bronze and steel, consisted of 4,000 components, weighed three tons, and was 10 feet wide and 6½ feet tall. In Babbage's time, mathematical tables, such as logarithmic and trigonometric functions, were generated by teams of mathematicians working day and night on primitive calculators. Due to the fact that these people performed computations they were referred to as "computers." In fact the term "computer" was used as a job description (rather than referring to the machines themselves) well into the 1940s. This term later became associated with machines that could perform the computations on their own.

13. The device performed its first sequence of calculations in the early 1990's and returned results to 31 digits of accuracy, which is far more accurate than the standard pocket calculator. However, each calculation requires the user to turn a crank hundreds, sometimes thousands of times… … so anyone employing it for anything more than the most rudimentary calculations is destined to become one of the fittest computer operators on the face of the planet!

14. Working with Babbage was Augusta Ada Lovelace, the daughter of the English poet Lord Byron. Ada, who was a splendid mathematician and one of the few people who fully understood Babbage's vision, created a program for the Analytical Engine. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually worked, Ada's program would have been able to compute a mathematical sequence known as Bernoulli numbers. Based on this work, Ada is now credited as being the first computer programmer and, in 1979, a modern programming language was named ADA in her honor. The Difference Engine was actually only partially completed when Babbage conceived the idea of another, more sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine (around 1830). The Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of Jacquard’s punched cards to control an automatic calculator, which could make decisions based on the results of previous computations. This machine was also intended to employ several features subsequently used in modern computers, including sequential control, branching, and looping.

15. Boole’s work was only learned by Philosophy and Logic students, until in 1938 Claude E. Shannon published an article based on his master's thesis at MIT, where he showed how Boole's concepts of TRUE and FALSE could be used to represent the functions of switches in electronic circuits. Claude Shannon, Creator of information theory George Boole Boole made significant contributions in several areas of mathematics, but was immortalized for two works in 1847 and 1854, in which he represented logical expressions in a mathematical form now known as Boolean Algebra. Boole's work was all the more impressive because, with the exception of elementary school and a short time in a commercial school, he was almost completely self-educated.

16. 1888 US Census Bureau invites Herman Hollerith and his tabulating machines (including a card puncher, card reader and tabulator – or electric adding machine-. 1900s Hollerith’s machines are a success, and he forms the Computing-Time Clock-Reading (CTR) company – selling tabulating machines, time clocks and meat scales. • CTR company hires Thomas J Watson, Sr., as president. He renames the company : • International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)

17. Alan Turing In 1937 Turing invented a theoretical computer as an abstract "paper exercise." This theoretical model, which became known as a Turing Machine, was both simple and elegant, and subsequently inspired many "thought experiments." During World War II, Alan Turing worked as a cryptographer, decoding codes and ciphers at one of the British government's top-secret establishments. Turing was a key player in the breaking of the German's now-famous ENIGMA Code. In 1943 Turing and colleagues began constructing COLOSSUS, to decode the German Geheimfernschreiber cipher. COLOSSUS was one of the world's earliest working programmable electronic digital computers.

18. 1943 – 1947 ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator: 10 feet tall, occupied 1,000 square feet of floor- space, weighed in at approximately 30 tons, and used more than 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches, and 18,000 vacuum tubes. The final machine required 150 kilowatts of power, which was enough to light a small town. ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS: it did not have any internal memory as such, but needed to be physically programmed by means of switches and dials

19. 1944 – 1952 EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer: EDVAC's average error-free up-time was approximately 8 hours. Based on EDVAC concept, a machine was set was operating at Manchester University, England, by June 1948… … consisting of 32 words of memory and a 5-instruction instruction set. (EDSAC – Electronic Differential Storage and Computer)

20. Johann von Neumann In June 1944, the Hungarian- American mathematician Johann (John) Von Neumann first became aware of ENIAC. Von Neumann, who was a consultant on the Manhattan Project, immediately recognized the role that could be played by a computer like ENIAC in solving the vast arrays of complex equations involved in designing atomic weapons.

21. In 1945, he published a paper titled “First draft of a report to the EDVAC”: A memory containing both data and instructions. Also to allow both data and instruction memory locations to be read from, and written to, in any desired order. A calculating unitcapable of performing both arithmetic and logical operations on the data. A control unit,which could interpret an instruction retrieved from the memory and select alternative courses of action based on the results of previous operations. The computer structure resulting from the criteria presented in the "First Draft" is popularly known as a von Neumann Machine, and virtually all digital computers from that time forward have been based on this architecture

22. 1951 Mauchley and Eckert deliver the first Universal Calculator (UNIVAC) This was the first computer sold for commercial, non-military purposes

23. SMIL, one of the first Swedish computers, built at Lund University in the mid-fifties. The original SMIL consisted of about 2000 vacuum tubes. SMIL was the main university computer for more than 15 years and wasn't decommissioned until 1972. This picture shows SMIL as it looked in 1956.

24. Two of the greatest inventions of the 20th century: Transistors and Integrated Circuits Formed from materials known as semi-conductors, not very well understood until 1950s They would be much smaller, lighter and would require less power than the vacuum tubes that were being used until that time. The world's first transistor, invented at Bell Labs in 1947 Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. William Shockley, and Dr. Walter Brattain, inventors

25. Transistors, may range in number from 2 to more than 100,000, are integrated together on pieces of silicon to produce Integrated Circuits to perform more complex functions. An integrated circuit contains transistors, capacitors, resistors and other parts packed in high density on one chip. The transistors, resistors, and capacitors are formed very small, and in high density on a foundation of silicon.

26. 1955 IBM introduces 704 series of computers, the first large-scale systems using transistors IBM 610 Auto-Point Computer (1957) was described as being "IBM's first personal computer" on the premise that it was intended for use by a single operator… but this machine was not based on the stored program concept and it cost $55,000! 1958 IBM introduces 1401 series of computers, bringing card-based data processing to the average company 1964 IBM introduces the System/360, using microtransistors and mass-produced core storage devices, and the idea of non- dedicated, microprogrammed system

27. Other contenders include MIT's LINC (1963), CTC's Datapoint 2200 (1971), the Kenbak-1 (1971), and the Xerox Alto (1973)… … but all of these machines were either cripplingly expensive, relatively unusable, or only intended as experimental projects. "Personal Computer" for all our purposes will refer to : an affordable, general-purpose, microprocessor- based computer intended for the consumer market. integratedcircuitsemiconductorchipthatperformsthebulkoftheprocessingandcontrolsthepartsofasystem; "amicroprocessorfunctionsasthecentralprocessingunitofamicrocomputer";

28. Microprocessors Computers were somewhat scarce in the 1960s, and only used by large institutions, and operated by “super-smart” heroes and heroines… … but there was a large and growing market for electronic desktop calculators. In 1970, the Japanese calculator company Busicom approached Intel with a request to design a set of twelve integrated circuits for use in a new calculator The first microprocessor developed by Hoff contained approximately 2,300 transistors and could execute 60,000 operations per second. This design was so radically different from what Busicom had requested that they politely said that they weren't really interested… In 1974 Intel presented the first true general-purpose microprocessor, which contained around 4,500 transistors and could perform 200,000 operations per second, and destined to be the central processor of many of the early home computers.

29. 1973 The Intel Corporation delivers the first integrated circuit capable of executing a fully usable programme, the Intel 8080. The microprocessor is born. 1977 The Apple Computer Company is started by two college- dropouts in their garage, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The machine uses inexpensive parts and home color television. The BASIC programming language is written by Bill Gates of Microsoft. 1981 Microsoft provides the Disk Operating System (DOS) for the IBM Personal Computer Late 1980s The use of Windows operating shell produced by Microsoft provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for users

30. Computers as we know them : • A computer is : A programmable machine. • The two principal characteristics of a computer are: • It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. • It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). • Computers can be generally classified by size and power, though there is considerable overlap:

31. personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

32. The actual machinery -- wires, transistors, and circuits is called the hardware; the instructions and data are called software. All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components: memory : Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. mass storage device : Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include disk drives. input device : Usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer. output device : A display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished. central processing unit (CPU): The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions. (If the CPU is built around a microprocessor device, it is also referred to as a Microprocessor Unit, MPU)

33. Information in any business or science is the core of the operations. Information in the computer business is usually called data, a Latin word meaning information In addition, you have: Temporary Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM): where the temporary information to carry out the immediate commands are stored Data Buses: where the information flows between different parts of the mainboard and the storage devices Expansion slots/ports: where you can connect your extra TV-card ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory: memory that can only be read from and not written to.

34. Storage Devices: disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk Hard Disk Drive (HDD): where you save your results permanently after you finish your work CDROM Drive: where you can read the data stored on a CDROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) DVD Drive: where you can read the data stored on a DVDROM (much larger capacity than a CDROM) Floppy Drive (FDD): where you save the information which you would give to your instructor after your lab sessions BUG - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way

35. Where are we today with computers???