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5. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Identify Computer Components Describe Data Representation Contrast mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers, PCs, workstations *. LEARNING OBJECTIVES. Compare arrangements of computer processing: Client/Server, network.
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5. COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Identify Computer Components • Describe Data Representation • Contrast mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers, PCs, workstations *
LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Compare arrangements of computer processing: Client/Server, network. • Describe media for storing data • Describe Input/Output Devices • Describe multimedia, trends *
CPU INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES PRIMARY STORAGE Computer Components BUSES
How Characters are Presented • BIT:Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not • BYTE:Group of bits for one character • EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per byte) • ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) • PARITY BIT:extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors *
C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 67 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 65 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 84 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * EXAMPLES OF BYTES EBCDIC ASCII Decimal (assume even-parity system) Parity bit
Computer Time Millisecond.001 second thousand15min 40 sec Microsecond.001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion31.7 years Picosecond.001 nanosecond trillion31,700 years * # PER COMPARED NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND 5.7
Memory Size • KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes • MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes • GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... “billion” bytes • TERABYTES (TB): 210 GB... “trillion” bytes Differentiated by exponential power * 5.8
COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1.VACUUM TUBES:1946-1956 5.9
COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS:1957-1963 5.10
COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:1964-1979 5.11
COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1956 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1979 4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS (VLSI):1980- PRESENT * 5.12
Terms for Microprocessors • Word Length:bits processed at one time (e.g., 32-bit processor) • MEGAHERTZ: processing speed; one million cycles per second (e.g., 1GHz) • Data Bus Width:bits moved between CPU & other devices (e.g., 133MHz motherboard) • RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computing:embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed (80/20 rule) • MultiMedia eXtension (MMX), 3D-Now!:special codes for improving multimedia applications * 5.12
ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT CLOCK ROM RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT 5.14
PRIMARY STORAGE CPU OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE INPUT DEVICES BUSES DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS 5.15
TYPES OF MEMORY • RAM (Working Area):Random Access Memory • Dynamic: Changes thru processing • Static: Remains constant (power on) • ROM :Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) • PROM: Program can be changed once • EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light • EEPROM: Electrically erasable * 5.16
101 102 103 201 202 203 301 302 303 ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location has an ADDRESS Each location can hold one BYTE 5.17
ALU & CONTROL UNIT • Arithmetic-Logic UNIT:CPU component performs arithmetic (calculation) and logic (branching, decision) operations • Control Unit:CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system (traffic cop) * 5.18
Examples of Microprocessors • Intel:PII, PIII (up to 1GHz), P4 • AMD:Athlon, Athlon Thunderbird (up to 1.2GHz), Duron (~800MHz) • Transmeta: Caruso (code morphing, lower power consumption) for laptop and handheld devices • Motorola: Chips for Power Mac * 5.18
CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS • MAINFRAME • MINICOMPUTER • PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) • WORKSTATION • SUPERCOMPUTER * 5.23
MICROCOMPUTER • Desktop or Portable • 64 to 256 Megabytes of RAM • Personal or business use • Affordable • “Assembled” (not “manufactured”) from many components (modular combination) • Can be networked • “Decentralization” from mainframe use * 5.26
WORKSTATION • Desktop Computer • Powerful graphics • Extensive math capabilities • Multi-tasking • Usually configured to special functions such as CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS • Distinction from PC has been blurred * 5.27
Program Program TASK 1 RESULT CPU CPU CPU CPU TASK 1 TASK 2 TASK 3 RESULT Program TASK 2 RESULT CPU SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL 5.29
CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED • CENTRALIZED:Processing by central computer site • One standard • Greater control • DECENTRALIZED:Processing by several computer sites linked by networks • More flexibility • Faster response *
CLIENT / SERVER • NETWORKED COMPUTERS • CLIENT:where things are processed. User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have • SERVER:hosting data and application, handle communications and other administrative works. * 5.31
CLIENT SERVER REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES CLIENT / SERVER 5.32
Cost Reduction through Task Redistribution • Network Computer:NetPC (MS) and NC (IBM et al.) smart terminals • Appliance Computing: e.g., WebTV. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):must consider more than just the equipment price. Include costs in hardware, software, upgrades, maintenance, technical support, training *
SECONDARY STORAGE • Disk • Tape • Optical storage * 5.35
TRACKS AND SECTORS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA TRACKS START OF TRACKS 5.37 SECTOR DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 Source: Senn, Information Technology in Business1995
OPTICAL STORAGE • CD-ROM:500-660 MEGABYTES • WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): • CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable • CD-RW: CD - Rewritable • DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * 5.38
MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE • ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE • USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS • INEXPENSIVE • STORED IN SAFE LOCATION • CAN BE REUSED * 5.40
Peripheral Devices • POINTING DEVICES • SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION • OUTPUT DEVICES * 5.41
Pointing Devices • KEYBOARD • MOUSE • WIRED • INFRA-RED • TRACKBALL • TOUCH PAD • JOYSTICK • TOUCH SCREEN * 5.42
Source Data Automation CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION • OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR) • BAR CODE • MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERRECOGNITION (MICR) *
SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION • PEN-BASED INPUT:digitizes signature • DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & characters into digital form • VOICE INPUT DEVICES:converts spoken word into digital form • SENSORS: devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * 5.44
Output Devices • CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) • PRINTER • PLOTTER • VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE • MULTIMEDIA * 5.45
Data Processing • BATCH PROCESSING:transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. • ON-LINE PROCESSING:transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. “Interactive” *
TRANSISTORS PER CHIP YEARS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS • INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA • VIRTUAL REALITY • ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB • SUPERCHIPS • FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS • MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS • SMART CARDS • MICROMINIATURIZATION * 5.49