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Microbiology

Microbiology. Chapters 20,21,22. Microorganisms. Prokaryotes Bacteria Eukaryotes Protists Fungus. Viruses Nonliving or Living?. Viruses. This is what we consider them to be in this class!. Living because they reproduce Nonliving because… Require a host aka Parasitic

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Microbiology

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  1. Microbiology Chapters 20,21,22

  2. Microorganisms • Prokaryotes • Bacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists • Fungus Viruses Nonliving or Living?

  3. Viruses This is what we consider them to be in this class! • Living because they reproduce • Nonliving because… • Require a host aka Parasitic • Replicate instead of reproduce • Sizes: • Smaller than monerans (Bacteria) • Almost all organisms have one virus that infects them. • They are “host-specific” meaning that they will usually only infect 1 organism.

  4. Viral Parts • Capsid: outer protein coat • Genetic Material: DNA or RNA • Envelope: Protective layer around the capsid. • NOT ALL VIRUSES HAVE THESE • Comes from the host cell membrane

  5. Viral Shapes • Spiral, polygons, rods, bullet, needle • Bacteriophage

  6. Types of Viruses • Bacteriophages • Infect Bacteria only

  7. Types of Viruses • DNA Viruses • Has DNA as Genetic Material Double-stranded DNA virus: Chicken pox (Varicella zoster) Single-stranded DNA virus: Canine Parvovirus

  8. DNA Viruses Adenovirus: causes some colds Herpes Virus in a host cell Human Papilloma virus: causes warts

  9. RNA viruses Rhinovirus: Common Cold Has RNA as Genetic Material Paramyxovirus: Measles and Mumps (in a host cell) Rabies virus

  10. Types of Viruses • Retroviruses- RNA as genetic material. • To replicate, they convert RNA to DNA and then use host to make more RNA. HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

  11. Characteristics of Bacteria (Monerans) • All are prokaryotic • All have a cell wall • All have DNA as genetic material • All have ribosomes, and no other organelles • All are unicellular • Most are heterotrophic (not all!), some are chemo or photo-autotrophic

  12. Shapes • Coccus: Round bacteria • Example: Staphylococcus sp.

  13. Shapes • Bacillus: rod bacteria • Example: Bacillus anthracis

  14. Shapes • Spirochetes: spiral bacteria • Example: Treponemapallidum

  15. Fungus Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic decomposers • Saprophytes, parasites, predators, mutualistic • Non-motile

  16. Cell walls of chitin • Most have hyphae that into tangled masses called mycelium • Growth occurs rapidly at tips

  17. General Characteristics of Protists • Have a nucleus • Are grouped based on the method of locomotion • Cilia • Flagella • Pseudopods • Non-motile

  18. 3 Groups • Protozoans • animals • Algae • plants • Molds • fungus

  19. Microorganism benefits

  20. Microorganism disadvantages

  21. What do microorganisms need? • Each species has an OPTIMUM • Temperature • pH • Air • Osmotic Pressure • Water • Nutrients

  22. How can we prevent them from getting these requirements? • Heat • Change pH • Add salt or sugar • Remove oxygen (canning) • Remove water by Dehydrating foods

  23. How do we spread diseases and how do we stop them? • Five methods for spreading disease. • AIR • FOOD • WATER • PERSON to PERSON • VECTORS- insects

  24. How does an infection makes us sick? • What they do: Grow and Reproduce • Destroys cells • Release toxins • Block passages • What we do: • Crummy Article

  25. Germ Theory of Disease 1857 Louis Pasteur • Eliminates theory of spontaneous generation • Saves the wine Industry in France • Proposes that there is a relationship between a microorganism (pathogen) and a disease • Develops • Pasteurization • Vaccines for anthrax and rabbies

  26. Koch’s Postulates 1876

  27. Vaccines • Involves your immune system being stimulated • Dead or weakened antigen (foreign particle) • Engulfing cells and antibody producing cells destroy the antigen • Memory cells prepare for another infection • Response to virus is faster and stronger the second time • Adds to the health of the community

  28. Antibiotics • Work ONLY on bacteria • Bacteria are prokaryotic, we are eukaryotic • Bacteria have a cell wall, we do not. • These help, but our immune system still has to “clean-up” • Examples: • Penicillin – stops cell wall formation • Tetracycline – stops protein synthesis • Ciprofloxacin – stops DNA replication

  29. Time in Days Concentration of antibiotic - Effective concentration of antibiotic --- Concentration of bacteria …… Concentration of Bacteria at which you feel better ===== Concentration Shot of Penicillin-Pill taking intervals – missed interval

  30. Antibiotic Resistance • Development of Resistance • Alter the antibiotic • Alter the target or structure • Pump out the antibiotic • Developing new anti-resistance antibiotics • Target the mechanism that confers resistance • Stop alteration of antibiotic • Stop alteration of target • Stop the molecular pumping mechanism

  31. Stop the Spread of antibiotic resistance

  32. The BIG picture • Diet • Rest • Exercise both aerobic and resistance • Personal Cleanliness e.g. wash your hands • Proper Preparation and storage of food • It Must Have Been Something You Ate • Environmental Cleanliness pollution, filth • Annual Physical

  33. Big Picture cont… • Report symptoms promptly to a responsible person • Follow physicians instructions • antibiotics • Vaccinations: Vital • The Vaccine Conundrum

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