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PANDA Detector and Recent Development on DIRC & SiPM Bidyut Roy NPD, BARC, Mumbai

PANDA Detector and Recent Development on DIRC & SiPM Bidyut Roy NPD, BARC, Mumbai. An overview of FAIR accelerator Complex Over view of the PANDA detector Indian interest: Luminosity monitor and

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PANDA Detector and Recent Development on DIRC & SiPM Bidyut Roy NPD, BARC, Mumbai

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  1. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 PANDA Detector and Recent Development on DIRC & SiPM Bidyut RoyNPD, BARC, Mumbai • An overview of FAIR accelerator Complex • Over view of the PANDA detector • Indian interest: Luminosity monitor and DIRC Cherenkov & SiPM • SiPM : recent activities and test results

  2. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 The PANDA Collaboration Presently about 400 physicists from 53 institutions in 16 countries U Basel IHEP Beijing U Bochum IIT Bombay U Bonn IFIN-HH Bucharest U & INFN Brescia U & INFN Catania JU Cracow TU Cracow IFJ PAN Cracow GSI Darmstadt TU Dresden JINR Dubna (LIT,LPP,VBLHE) U Edinburgh U Erlangen NWU Evanston U & INFN Ferrara U Frankfurt LNF-INFN Frascati U & INFN Genova U Glasgow U Gießen KVI Groningen IKP Jülich I + II U Katowice IMP Lanzhou U Lund U Mainz U Minsk ITEP Moscow MPEI Moscow TU München U Münster BINP Novosibirsk IPN Orsay U & INFN Pavia IHEP Protvino PNPI Gatchina U of Silesia U Stockholm KTH Stockholm U & INFN Torino Politechnico di Torino U Piemonte Orientale, Torino U & INFN Trieste U Tübingen TSL Uppsala U Uppsala U Valencia SMI Vienna SINS Warsaw TU Warsaw PANDA Det. ~ 66 M euro Indian Contribution 

  3. PANDA: Indian group Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 India - PANDA collaboration • Activities: • Silicon strip det. (Luminosity monitor) • Cherenkov det. & photon counter (SiPM) • Detector simulation & physics simulations • Data analysis • Theoretical study Present Group: BARC-Mumbai (NPD, ED) IIT Bombay, SINP-Kolkata, IIT Indore, IIT- Gauhati, Pune university, AMU Aligarh, Aligarh South Gujrat Univ.-Gujrat, TIFR- Mumbai, NIT Jalandhar, MSU Vadodara, Magadh University, VECC-Kolkata,

  4. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Existing GSI Heavy ion synchrotron SIS18: 1–2 GeV/u beam: 1012/s Future SIS100/300 (circumference: 1100 m) Upto 29 GeV/u + Secondary beam (RIB, p(bar)) NuStar, CBM, PANDA HESR: 1–15GeV/c(cooled beam), √S <= 5.46GeV I = 5. 1010/sec,+ pellet target L = 2.1032 cm-2 s-1 Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research 100m SIS 100/300 SIS18 p-Linac CBM UNILAC HESR Rare IsotopeProduction Super FRS PANDA FLAIR Plasma/ Atom Physics RESR/CR NESR

  5. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Detector Requirements • 4π acceptance . High rate capability (2x107 s-1 interaction) • Good momentum resolution & particle identification for p, π, k, e, µ, γ • Good tracking & vertex reconstruction capability

  6. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 PANDA Spectrometer: overview & possible Indian contribution Muon Det. Target: Pellete (H, D.. ) Nuclear: Foil, thin wire Luminosity Monitor Calorimeter: EM + Hadron, muon chamber Beam Forward RICH Barrel DIRC: Photon Counter + + Simulation Endcap Disk DIRC: Barrel TOF ? Forward TOF Target spectrometer:θ> 5 deg. Located inside a solenoid, l=2.5 m, Ø= 0.8 m, B~ 2T Forward spectrometer:θ< 5 deg. (vertical) & < 10 deg. (horizontal)

  7. PANDA Cherenkov detector for PID Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 PANDA needs excellent particle identification over wide momemtum range: • p: 200MeV/c – few GeV/c  different PID techniues are needed PID Processes: • Energy loss: &time of flight (p < 1 GeV ) • Cherenkov radiation (p > 1 GeV) Particle identification: • Cherenkov photon angle  velocity • tracking detector  p Mass Cherenkov radiation: principleA charged track with velocity v=βc exceeding the speed of light c/n in a medium with refractive index ‘n’ emits Cherenkov light at a characteristic angle, cos θ = c/nv = 1/β n • nβ < 1 below threshold > no radiation • nβ> 1 Cherenkov radiation

  8. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Cherenkov Detector for PANDA: DIRC (Detectionof Internally ReflectedCherenkov light) Concept taken from BaBar DIRC det. Two DIRC like counters are considered for PANDA experiment: Barrel DIRC: concept from BaBar, DISC DIRC/end-cap: 17mm x 35mm, few meter long

  9. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 PANDA DIRC: possible solution Radiator (for PANDA solid radiator) : quartz / plexi-glass Focusing element Photon detection system: PMT (BaBar), new idea: MCP-PMT, SiPM BaBar 11000 PMT PANDA 7000 PMT Compact design Panda DIRC: possible solution Option A Option B

  10. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 SiPM: The next generation photon counter Title • Advantages & week points • Test set-up • Results from different SiPMs • & Spectral sensitivity measurement • In-beam test of Cherenkov radiator With SiPM with MCP-PMT

  11. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 SiPM as photon counter…. SiPM is a p-n junction diode that is biased above the break-down voltage in order to create a Geiger avalanche – ‘Geiger APD’ ? Can we use such Geiger mode APD as photon detector for DIRC ? Can they replace PMT Advantageous: + insensitive to magnetic field +high photon detection efficiency over wide spectral range (~65% @400nm), single photon sensitivity + gain comparable to PMT (~ 2x105 - 106) + no high voltage ( < 100 V) + good time resolution ( < ns) +easy to handle and compact in size +potentially cheap (?) Disadvantageous: - relatively large dark count rate (few 100kHz/mm2) with single photon pulse height(noise reduction: Cooling! ) radiation hardness needs to be tested ?

  12. G-APD Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Different G-APDs are available, we have worked with Hamamatsu MPPC, Zecotek MAPD Operation principle: Photon absorbed produced electron – hole pairsget accelerated by high electric fieldproduce further secondary e--hole pairsavalanche multiplication When reverse bias set higher than breakdown voltage, huge gain (~106) can be obtained Geiger mode operation. Signal Q = C x (Vbias - Vbr), C: pixel capacitance

  13. G-APD …. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Passive quenching by resistor Pixel recovery time ~100 ns given by time constant to re-charge the pixel’s capacity Geiger modeeach pixel acts as digital device with o/p independent of no. of photons absorbed But when all cells are connected in parallel  SiPM becomes an analog device allowing no. of photons to be counted

  14. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Work Bench for SiPM Test@GSI scaler Discr. Pico-second diode laser λ = 660 nm + Green LED 460 nm

  15. SiPM test results… Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Gain (from ADC spectrum) = (Channel nr. between two peaks) X (ADC resln (fC/ch) ) X (1/q) ~ 2.7 x 105 – 2.4 x 106 (Ref. Hamamatsu) No. of photons  Time  Typical MPPC spectrum triggered by laser (photograh taken from digital scope) Dark count measured: S10362-11-100C, VB=+70V, room Temp.: @0.5 p.e. 500kHz , @1.5 p.e. 60 kHz (in agreement with the specifications provided by the supplier) But they are noisy (as compared to other photon counter e.g., PLANACON MCP-PMT 85011, ~ few hundreds / sec) due to operation in Geiger mode, nose get amplified Noise usually at level ~ 1 p.e.  not a problem for a measurement where large nr. of photons are detected Dark current reduction in lowering temp.!

  16. Spectral response characteristic of SiPM Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 G-APD holder mounted inside a dark box attenuator Monochrometer @Frankfurt univ. λ = 200 – 800 nm • Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE): • Photo-diode(PD) with known photo sensitivity (mA/W)  measure photocurrent no. of incident photons at each λ can be obtained • Next: replace PD by SiPM at same position repeat the measurement gain at that voltage should be known • Detected photon nr. can be obtained (=current/gain/q) • PDE= (no of detected photon / no of incident photon) X (PD area / SiPMarea)

  17. Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE) of SiPM Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Photon detection efficiency is a measure that indicates what percentage of incident photons is detected. QE= quantum efficiency, Pavalanche = avalanche probability = (nr. of excited pixels)/(nr. of photon-incident pixels) Fgeo = effective pixel size / total pixel size (usually small due to space needed for quenching resistance, Typically 30% for pixel nr. 1600 (i.e., 25micron), 61% for pixel 400 (i.e., 50micron) and 78% for pixel 100 (i.e., 100 micron) Small nr. of pixels has better geometric factor but also lower dynamic range (as prob for multi-photon hit in same pixel increases)  there is a trade off between dynamic range and PDE

  18. SiPM: PDE measurement Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Measured simultaneously with a Silicon PIN diode which was calibrated by the supplier Normalised with PDE=32.4% at 450 nm from PSI data Our data MPPC- 100μ MAPD-3N Normalised with PDE=24.5.4% at 450 nm from Dubna data PSI data Future work: -- down to below 300 nm -- Dark current under cooling -- Radiation hardness test (using facilities BARC/Mumbai) Hamatsu data

  19. In-beam test of DIRC Cherenkov radiator with SiPM & MCP-PMT: a very first report Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 proton beam, 2GeV Spill length = 5s (3 +2) Trigger ~ 50k/spill Joint venture with CBM Parasitic run with CBM Main user:FOPI Giessen Detector CBM DIRC bar with SiPM Glasgow Scintillators at several places: triger GSI DIRC bar with MCP- PMT

  20. SiPM: in-beam test results Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Position of SiPM: 1,2 : 28 mm 3,4 : 44 mm from radiator Position  simulation studies 60 Plexi glass: 15mm X 20mm X 70mm(long)

  21. SiPM: in-beam test results… Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 R (Signal+BG ) / BG Bar angle w.r.t. beam Coincidence between G-APDs

  22. SiPM: in-beam test results… Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Very first conclusions ● We have seen Cherenkov light with SiPM ● Focusing light guide working ● We see coincidences between G-APDs Acknowledgement to the Giessen group and all involved

  23. DIRC prototype with MCP: GSI beam test Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Quartz Bar length: 800 mm, n=1.47 Oil: Marcol 82, n=1.46 MCP (Planacon 85011) Area~ 51 mm X 51 mm 8x8 = 64 pixels (each 6 mm x 6mm Bialkali photo cathode, spectral range~ 185 – 660 nm

  24. GSI beam test: Preliminary data Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010

  25. GSI beam test: Preliminary data Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Next step: Bar shifted

  26. GSI beam test: Preliminary data Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010

  27. GSI beam test: Preliminary data Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010

  28. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Luminosity Monitor : Indian contribution Concept for Lumi. Det.: In order to determine cross section for a physical process, it is essential to measure the time integrated luminosity L. p(bar)+p collision elastic cross section are not know that accurate: Coulomb part and nuclear part(?) (unlike e++e- scattering where theoretical Bhabha scattering is well known.) This demands extreme forward angle measurement close to beam axis where cross section is mainly Coulomb scattering (measurement at such forward angle is a formidable task !)

  29. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 BackSide FrontSide Strip on Front/Back Side, pitch = 50 μm Luminosity Monitor …….. Initial thought: use Si-Strip detectors (expertise available, radiation hard ) Requirement: ~ 10 m away from target ~ 3 – 8 mrad coverage Four planes Trapezoidal (or Disk) shape Each plane 4 sensors Dimension: 2 cm(short side) / 5.33 cm(long side); X5 cm(height) X 150-200 μm (thickness); Double side stripped, pitch ~ 50 μm Distance between planes: 20cm. 4-planes for sufficient redundancy and back-ground suppression

  30. Lumi. Monitor Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Status: simulation for geometry realization & BG studies……. • GSI, University Mainz, FZ-Juelich & Indian group: • BEL, Bangalore:

  31. Summary: Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 • FAIR going to be an unique facility for many research fields and the PANDA program at FAIR will deliver significant & important contributions to our understanding of hadron physics • The PANDA Detector will be a versatile large acceptance spectrometer that will provide • Tracking information and vertex reconstruction capability • Efficient particle identification & separation using Cherenkov detector • SiPM a promising tool for the use as photon counter: R&D activities • India – PANDA collaboration interest:  hardware: Si-strip det. and Cherenkov det. & SiPM  Det. Simulation & Physics simulation  Theoretical study

  32. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Thank you

  33. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 BaBar DIRC (Detectionof Internally ReflectedCherenkov light) BaBar 11000 PMT PANDA 7000 PMT Compact design

  34. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 PID sim. With Cherenkov DIRC: pp(bar)J/ψ+Φ(1020), Phi K+K- (BR~50%) and pion mode(BR~15%) Mom.res. From tracking det. Good For DIRC, theta resln 2mrad, no of Cherenkov photons =16 (for BaBar det. Similar resln was obtained, PMT ~1” but distance was large 1.1m)  Time Resln: pulsed diode laser, pulse width: 50 ps, power pW = ? photons MPPC 1p5 ps

  35. PANDA dirc bar : 2 m long (3 pieces make 2 m long, as machining/polishing of a such long bar is not possible). For babar also they joined several bars to make 5 m long. For babar, pmt were 1.1 m away from bar end. • Fish tank: quartz window/ container that contains marcol liquid (1.46 matching as that of quartz radiator 1.47). Lens at the end of bar and small air gap between lens and quartz window. Easy to dismount/change etc… also between fish tank window and MCP, 2mm air gap for easy removal etc. • Overall panda detresln~ 1%, beam mom. Res. Δp/p~ 10-4 to 10-5 (cooled beam) • For Cherenkov PID theta resln~ 2 mrad combining with good mom. Resln from tracking det (Δp/p ~10-3, cooled beam)  good particle separation between k and pionupto 3 GeV/c can be obtained. Δθ= 2mrad  spatial resln ~ mm (at photon det. Plane which s about 30 cm away): SiPMwih 1 mm2 area should do the job. • Rate: 2x 10^7 interactions/sec =20MHz  ave. charged particle multiplicity ~3 (could be less for DIRC 22 deg – 140 eg. As cmpared to FD.) • Typical Cherenkov photons ~ 100/ cm of radiator for 1 GeV particle then loss etc…will make only few photons per SiPM. Simulation to be done. • Radiation dose: charged particle:fixed target expt.->FD will see maximm charged particle (due to the Lorentz bost), lum~10^32, int.rate =20MHz integrated dose for few years running ~100krad so for Si-strip det (lumimon. maximum dose but SiPM , because sittinfg at backside), get less dose. For frozen H arget, neutron production is less but when use nuclear target, significant neutron production take occur ->> simulations to be done.

  36. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 Hadron Physics at PANDA • Charmonium (C C¯) spectroscopy • Search for QCD predicted Gluballs& Hybrids • Modification of meson(D) properties in nuclear medium • Rare decay & symmetry violation • PANDA@FAIR: Lepton number violating decay in Do, D± ( < 10-4)

  37. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 • Spectroscopy for single and double hypernuclei (hyperon- nucleon, hyperon-hyperon interaction) Elementary process: K-p K+Ξ- Program at JPARC, Japan: 12C(K-, K+)12Ξ-Be Aim: Ξ-nucleus interaction Λ-Λ interaction (Ξ-p  ΛΛ) Any information on Ξ-A would be useful

  38. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 High Energy Storage Ring (HESR) • Production rate: 2 x 107/sec • pbeam = 1.5 ... 15 GeV/c • Nstored = 1 £ 1011 p • Internal Target • Electron and Stochastic Cooling • High Luminosity Mode • p/p ~ 10-4 • L = 2 x 1032 cm-2s-1

  39. Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010 MCP Planacon/Burle 85011 photon Faceplate Photocathode Dimensions: Photoelectron Dual MCP Gain ~ 106 Anode Multi anode 64 Pins

  40. Luminosity Monitor : Indian contribution Concept for Lumi. Det.: In order to determine cross section for a physical process, it is essential to measure the time integrated luminosity L. p(bar)+p collision elastic cross section are not know that accurate: Coulomb part and nuclear part(?) (unlike e++e- scattering where theoretical Bhabha scattering is well known.) (At very small t σCoul ~ 98% for 15 GeV/c momentum transfer ) σCoul ~ 95% for 3 GeV/c  Extreme forward angle measurement (A formidable task) 40 Bidyut Roy (BARC ) Strong Int. in 21st Century, TIFR, Feb.2010

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