Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis Stonewall Jackson William Sherman Ulysses Grant Chapter 4

1. Robert E. Lee Jefferson Davis Stonewall Jackson William Sherman Ulysses GrantChapter 4 Two Societies at War

2. Secession • Civil War = War between the States by southerners and War of Rebellion by northerners • Dec. 20, 1860 – So. Carolina secedes from Union; followed by Miss., Florida, Alabama, Georgia, & Lo., primarily because of the election of Lincoln • Buchanan said immediately secession was illegal, but fed. gov’t lacked authority to restore union by force • Secessionists met in Feb. 1861 & proclaimed a new nation – the Confederate States of America & named Jefferson Davis as President

3. Ft. Sumter • April 14th, 1861 - 1st shots of Civil War fired on Ft. Sumter – federal arsenal in Charleston Harbor • South Carolina demanded surrender – Lincoln called in state militia to put down insurrection • After South Carolina took Ft. Sumter, 4 more slave states joined Confed. (11)

5. Objectives and Strategies North • Lincoln wanted unconditional surrender • Anaconda Plan: 3 prong attack – 1.) blockade coastline 2.) control Miss. River 3.) take Richmond • McClellan marched toward Richmond too slowly & Confederates launched counterattack

7. Southern Strategy • Jefferson Davis wanted to fight defensive war & avoid taking west • Military stalemate = achieve goal of southern independence • South needed to protect its coastline, solicit other countries help; they believed need for cotton would encourage Euro countries to help them • Cotton from India replaced cotton grown in Confederacy

9. North Factories to produce war materials More people to draft Central government in place that supported war financially Better roads & railroads to move troops & supplies Lincoln portrayed secession as an attack on popular gov’t – demanded unconditional surrender South Fought defensive war only Defended homes & families/ knew land better Lacked central gov’t; it financed 60% of expenses w/ unbacked paper money - inflation Better generals; better marksmen – more military experience Linked confederate cause with that of American Rev; fighting against tyranny Civil War: 1861-1865North/South Advantages

11. Civil War – 1861-62 • Both sides believed war would last less than 3 months • July 21st, 1861: Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces routed Union forces; Lincoln replaced / McDowell w/ McClellan • 1862 – McClellan attacked Richmond unsuccessfully & Army of the Potomac had to retreat • 1862 – 2nd Battle of Bull Run – Lee & Jackson again rout Yanks & move north into Maryland • Sept. 17th, 1862 – Antietam – Lee was outnumbered 87k to 50k; Union victory; considered bloodiest single day in military history; 4800 dead, 18,500 wounded (3000 soon died): total

12. North Redefines War • 1862 – Lincoln & others accepted F. Douglass’s argument & redefined war as struggle against slavery • Thousands of slaves escaped & sought refuge in North • July 1862 – 2nd Confiscation Act declared “forever free” all fugitive slaves & all slaves captured by Union Army • January 1st, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation; Union troops become agents of liberation

14. The Turning Point: 1863 • Grant’s 6 week siege of Vicksburg - ends w/ so. Surrender on July 1st, 1863; Grant cut off Louisiana, Arkansas, & Texas from rest of Confederacy; 100’s of slaves deserted plantations • Battle of Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863 = turning point in war; momentum goes to North as southern hopes of foreign recognition gone w/ these military defeats; south launched Pickett’s charge – complete disaster as no. used new rifle-muskets & easily mowed down attackers; • Meade’s losses @ Gettysburg = 23k, Lee’s = 28k • South would never again invade north • “King Cotton” no longer diplomatic weapon as British manufacturers found new sources in India & Egypt

16. The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 Soldiers & Strategy: • Lincoln -@ 1st refused to use blacks for military service; relented as resistance to conscription & arguments if blacks to benefit from Union victory they should share in fighting/dying. • 1864 - Lincoln put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of all Union forces • Grant relied on technology & directed war @ entire society; terrorized civilian population to crush so. will to resist; changed def. of conventional warfare

18. Election of 1864 Sherman’s March to the Sea • June, 1864 – Repub. convention endorsed Lincoln’s war measures, demanded Confed. surrender, & called for constitutional amendment to abolish slavery • Andrew Johnson nominated vice-president • Sept., 1864 – Atlanta surrendered to Sherman & instead of following confed. Army to Tenn., he cut mile wide path of destruction to Savannah to devastate Georgia & score psychological victory • Sherman destroyed farms, railroads, supplies – burned fields & homes; 1865 Sherman invaded So. Carolina to vent his rage upon state where secession had begun

20. Appomattox – April 9th, 1865 End of Civil War • April 9th, 1865 – Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia • The Civil War cost over 600k lives • The financial costs has been figured at around 10 billion dollars • 5 days after Appomattox, on April 14th, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth