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1.3 Thinking like A Scientist. Alchemy. The word chemistry comes from alchemy Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals They designed beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the m ortar and pestle. An Experimental Approach to Science.
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Alchemy • The word chemistry comes from alchemy • Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals • They designed beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle.
An Experimental Approach to Science • In the 1500s, a shift started from alchemy to science • King Charles II encouraged scientists to use more experimental evidence, and not philosophical debates
Lavoisier • In France, Antoine- Laurent Lavoisier did work in the late 1700s. • Lavoisier helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. • He settled a long-standing debate about burning, which was that fire needed oxygen.
Scientific Method • Organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information • Steps to scientific method • Ask a question from an observation • Form a hypothesis of why the observation occurs • Test your hypothesis • Drawing conclusions • Developing a theory
Asking a Question • Questions are asked from an original observation. • An observation is information you obtain through your senses • Repeatable observations are known as facts • Example: What will hit the ball farther a wooden bat or a metal bat?
Forming a Hypothesis • A hypothesis is a proposed answer to a question • Your hypothesis MUST be useful and testable. • Example: If I hit the baseball with a wooden bat instead of a metal bat, then the ball will go farther
Create and Conduct an Experiment • Experiments are used to test your hypothesis. • Any factor in an experiment that can change is called a variable
Variables • Manipulated variable: variable that the scientist will change • Responding variable: variable that is observed during the experiment
Drawing Conclusions • You can draw a conclusion by looking at the data collected. • The metal bat hit further than a wooden bat • Was our hypothesis supported? • If data is not supported a new experiment would need to be designed.
Developing a Theory • A theory is a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results. • Theories are never proven but can become stronger if the facts continue to support them • If an existing theory fails to explain new facts and discoveries, the theory may be revised or a new theory can replace it.
Scientific Laws • Statement that summarizes a pattern found in nature without attempting to explain it • Gas Laws
Collaboration • When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome • No one person could have all the knowledge, skills, or resources to solve a problem • Scientists with different disciplines may have to come together
Communication • Communication is important to share the latest work