Memory & Thought Ch.10. 1 pg. 273

1. Memory & ThoughtCh.10. 1 pg. 273 Sara Dashti Ghufran Mearaj Rawan Najeeb Mohammed Ebrahim Hunter Aly 12A March 25, 2014

2. The Processes of Memory Memory is the input, storage, and retrieval of what’s been learned/experienced. There are three processes; encoding, storage, and retrieval.

3. Encoding Transforming information to the nervous system to be processed. You use your senses to establish and encode a memory.

4. Storage Information is maintained over time. Information can be stored for a few seconds or longer depending on how much effort was used to encode it.

5. Retrieval Information is brought to mind from storage. How easily you can retrieve information depends on how it was encoded and stored.

6. Three Stages of Memory

7. Sensory Memory The senses of sight and hearing are able to input for a fraction of a second before it disappears. Example: when you watch a moving picture, you do not notice the gaps between the frames, the action seems smooth because each frame is held in sensory storage until the next frame arrives.

8. Three Stages of Sensory Memory Sensory Memory Capacity Virtually everything you hear Or see at one instant. Duration Fraction of a second Example You see something for a instant and then someone asks you to recall one detail. Short Term memory Capacity: 7 items in healthy adults. Duration: less than 20 seconds Example: you look up a telephone number and then try to memorize it enough to dial it Long Term Memory Capacity: uncountable Duration: a life time Example: you remember the house you lived when you were 7 years old

9. Short Term Memory Limited memory in capacity to about 7 times and in duration by the subject's active rehearsal. It is when you don't pay full attention and then someone accuses you because of that, you then deny not paying attention then repeating the last words they said. Holding the words in your mind is short term memory.

10. Maintenance Rehearsal It is a system that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it, it is also in a limited duration.  For example: looking at a number long enough to dial then it'll be in your mind. When you get distracted or if you make a mistake in dialing, you will look at the number once again. It has been lost by short term memory.

11. Chunking Grouping items to make them easier to remember. Short term memory is not only limited in duration, but also in capacity.

12. The Primary Recent Effect Remembering first items and last items in a list but forgetting the middle items.

13. Working Memory Short term memory is also known as the working memory. It includes the short term memory and information stored in long term memory.

14. Long-term memory Long- term memory refers to the storage of information over extended period of time. The capacity of long-term memory appears to be limitless Represents of countless facts, experience and sensations. Information can be programmed, stored, and retrieved.

15. Types of long term memory • Declarative: Stored knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed. • Procedural: Permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

16. Types of declarative Semantic is the memory of knowledge of language including rules, words and meanings Episodic is the memory of remembering

17. How do we encode information into long-term memory? The more we process information, the better it is remembered. The longer we are exposed to information, the better we remember it. The more we rehearse a piece of information, the higher its probability of being remembered

18. Elaboration The way in which we process stimuli influences our ability to encode. Intention, in and of itself does not help us learn. Depth of processing, or thinking about what we learn, improves our ability to instruct information.

19. How is memory studied? • Human patients with brain structural abnormalities • Disease • Injuries • Animal models to study causation • MRI, CAT, PET scans

20. Memory and The Brain Long term memory is just begging to find out what happens for long term memory to be stored. One theory is that the neuronal structure of nerves change and another s that molecules and chemicals in the brain change. Evidence has shown that both theories might be correct. The changes in memory depend on how hard you examine something. Procedural Memories may occur in the striatum in the front part of the cortex. Declarative memories happen because of activity in the hippocampus and amygdala. It is not certain how nerve cells establish connections with each other. It is a complex process which allows for new connections to be made. Chemicals such as calcium and potassium affect the process. But it is not certain how these factors are all connected.

21. Video Now we will watch a video about happiness in memory and thought.

22. THE END

23. Retrieving Information Chapter 10 Section 2 Noor AlBuainain Jenan Habib Clara Nabil

24. Two types of long-term memory • Declarative memory: memory which can be continuously recalled. • Example: facts and knowledge • Procedural memory: memory for the performance of particular types of action; unconscious memory. • Example: Skills (learning to play a game)

25. Recognition Knowing whether or not something is familiar. Measure of declarative memory. Identify a person, object, idea or situation, that has been seen or been through before. For example: a child says “cat” when he sees one for the first time because he has seen a picture of a cat before. In this case, the child recognizes the cat because of the memory of the picture seen.

26. Recall Reconstruction of information. Measure of declarative memory. Reconstructive process: memories may be altered or distorted depending on experience, attitudes, and inferences from other information. Confabulation: filling in memory gaps. Schemas: conceptual frameworks used to make sense of the world. Eidetic memory: ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure.

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28. Time is too slow for those who wait, too swift for those who fear, too long for those who grieve, too short for those who rejoice, but for those who love, time is eternity. - Henry Van Dyke

29. Relearning A measure of both declarative and procedural memory. Learned something years ago, which can benefit you by learning it quickly now. For example: you have studied your subjects a long time before your test, then relearn it the day before the test, which makes it easier.

30. Amnesia Loss of memory after a blow to the head or brain damage. Amnesia may be a result of drug use or severe psychological stress. Infant amnesia: lack of early declarative memories. For example: not remembering your childhood (infant amnesia)

31. Forgetting • Fail to remember something or someone. • Involved into three parts: • Decay: fading away of memory over time. • Repression: to forget by force. • Interference: the blockage or erasing of memory by previous or subsequent (following) memories. • Proactive: earlier memory blocks you from remembering later information. • Retroactive: new memory blocks you from remembering earlier information.

32. “Do Not Forget” Challenge You are supposed to remember this sentence until the end of the presentation to win the challenge.

33. Improving Memory Elaborative rehearsal: the linking of new information to material that is already known. Mnemonic Devices: techniques to memorize and retrieve information. Method of Loci was used by ancient Greeks which is associating each line of a speech with a different spot, to memorize speeches. For Example: when studying history, you can relate dates and years with someone’s birthday; the WWII ended on 1945, relating it to 1954, which is your father’s birth year, which can make it easier to remember.

34. Volunteer to try the Method of Loci.

35. “Do not Forget” Challenge Winner Now which genius still remembers the sentence word by word?

36. Game time!

37. Ch11.1 Thinking and Problem Solving Abdulla Ahmed Al Bin Ali Mohamed Al Abbasi Tarek Ahmed Abdulla Ali Albalooshi

38. Thinking • Thinking: when information stored in memory is changed and reorganized in order to create new information. • Even the simplest of actions requires individuals to think. An example of thinking can include the creation of this PowerPoint to walking a dog. • Thinking has 5 major units that are the building blocks of mental activity. • There are three kinds of thinking: Convergent, Divergent, and metacognition thinking.

39. Units of Thought • Thinking involves 5 units: • Image: A visual representation of a event or object • Example: determining whether two shapes are identical or different • Symbols: A sound, object, or design that represents an object or quality • Example: Commas, apostrophes, hyphens, etc. all symbolize punctuation • Concept: Labeling a class of objects or events with one or more common factors. • Example: what factor makes something a fruit or vegetable? • Prototype: A representative example • Example (ironically): When someone says the word celebrity, you may think of Tom Cruise, Robert Downey Jr., etc • Rule: A statement of a relation between concepts • Example: You can’t walk on air

40. Forms of Thinking • Convergent/Directed thinking: Logical attempt to reach an objective. • Depends on symbols, concepts, and rules. • Used to solve problems • Divergent/Non-directed thinking: Free flow of thoughts with no specific objective • Depends on images and emotions • Used to relax, daydream, etc. • Metacognition: Thinking about thinking

41. Problem Solving • Problem solving: Use of direct thinking to move from a problem to a solution. • Strategies of problem solving: • Creating subgoals for a complex problem • Working backwards (ex:ending to beginning) • Thinking about various methods to reach the goal (ex: shortcuts in a road trip to Kuwait) • Algorithms: Fixed set of rules that lead to a solution. (ex: Chess, checkers, math problems) • Heuristics: Rule-of-thumb/simplifying problems

42. Problem Solving Obstacles • Mental set: Habitual strategy of problem solving. • Functional fixedness: Inability to imagine new uses for familiar objects • Wrong assumptions • Rigidity is the most influential factor in problem solving

43. Creativity • Creativity: When information and abilities are used in a new and original way • Creativity involves: • Flexibility: ability to overcome rigidity (inflexibility) • Recombination: Rearranging a problem’s elements for a creative solution • Insight: Realization of a problem’s solution

44. Journal Question How often do you talk to yourself? (6 sentences)

45. Chapter 11 Section 2Language

46. Objectives • Explain the structure of language. • Describe how children develop language.

47. Introduction Understanding and speaking a language is a complex process It incorporates learning thousands of words and countless rules of grammar to make sense of those words to communicate

48. The Structure of Language Some people talk to themselves when they are thinking or solving a problem. When we are talking or thinking, we are using language. Language is a system of communication that involves using rules to make and combine symbols in ways that produce meaningful words and sentences.

49. The Structure of Language (cont.) Language permits us to communicate facts and ideas. We can solve problems and make decisions every day largely because of what we learn from experience and from each other, which is transmitted through language. Language consists of four rules, or parts: phonemes, morphemes, syntax, and semantics.

50. Phonemes The smallest units of sound in the human language, such as consonants and vowels, are phonemes. Phonemes can be a single letter, such as t, or a combination of letters, such as sh. We can produce about 100 different recognizable sounds, but not all sounds are used in all languages.