The Age of Early European Exploration & Expansion

1. The Age of Early European Exploration & Expansion By Susan M. Pojer, Horace Greeley HS & Laurie Johnson

2. A Map of the Known World,pre- 1492

3. Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

4. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

5. New Weapons Technology

6. Prince Henry, the Navigator • School for Navigation, 1419

7. Museum of Navigationin Lisbon

8. Portuguese Maritime Empire • Exploring the west coast of Africa. • Bartolomeo Dias, 1487. • Vasco da Gama, 1498. • Calicut. • Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

9. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

10. Columbus’ Four Voyages

11. Other Voyages of Exploration

12. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

13. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

14. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

15. The Death of Montezuma II

16. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

17. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Atahualpa Francisco Pizarro

18. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

19. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

20. The “Columbian Exchange”

21. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

22. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

23. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

24. The Slave Trade • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. • Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. • First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. • 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries. • Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

25. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

26. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

27. African CaptivesThrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

28. European Empires in the Americas

29. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World Encomienda(forced labor)—royal grants of authority over the natives. Estancias—land grants

30. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

31. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

32. Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws  1542

33. New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

34. New Colonial Rivals

35. Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

36. 5. New Patterns of World Trade

37. The Price Revolution • Unprecedented inflation during 16th century • Caused by • 1. Population growth (Europe’s population doubled between 1460 & 1620) • 2. Flow of silver into Europe from New World

38. The Effects of the Price Revolution in England • As food prices increased, profit incentive drove farmers to produce more food • Medieval farming vs. new incentives created by the price revolution • How landowners tried to transform their holdings into commercial agriculture: • 1. enclosure • 2. changed conditions of tenure from copyhold to leasehold

39. The Effects of the Price Revolution in the Netherlands • Developed a new kind of farming—convertible husbandry • Replaced the old three-field system • Alternated the planting of soil-depleting cereals with the planting of soil-restoring legumes and grazing. • 2 years—cereals, 3rd year—peas or beans, next 4 or 5 years—pasture for grazing animals whose manure would restore the soil • Greatly increased productivity

40. The Expansion of Trade & Industry • Rising demand stimulated trade and industry. Demand was caused by • Population growth • Growing income of landlords & merchants led to a demand for meat, cheese, fruit, wine, vegetables, sugar, & spices • Growth of the state led to increased demand for supplies

41. The Effects of the Price Revolution on Trade & Manufacturing • Specialization (Eng-wool, Fr & Neth-linen) • Creation of regional or international markets gave rise to the creation of merchant-capitalists • People whose operations extended across local & national boundaries & whose mobility allowed them to buy or produce where costs were lowest and sell where prices were highest • Example: the cottage industry or ”putting-out” system • Significant step in evolution of capitalism because it bypassed the medieval guild system

42. Innovations in Business • More sophisticated banking operations • Double-entry bookkeeping • Development of maritime insurance • Development of joint-stock companies

43. Patterns of Commercial Development • England and Netherlands led commercial expansion—Why? • Netherlands • Dutch feudal culture was weak and commercial values were strong • Small land area • Far larger percentage of urban population than elsewhere • Devised a new boat (flyboat) which allowed them to carry bulky grain shipments for lowest cost • Dutch displaced the Portuguese in the spice trade with East Indies

44. England • The landed gentry supported commercial enterprises and vice versa • 17th century the British established a colonial empire • Gov’t economic policies reflected the interest of big business • Navigation Act allowed all English shippers to carry goods anywhere instead of restricting trade with certain areas to specific traders. • Also gained the carrying trade from the Dutch

45. France and Spain—neither took advantage of the opportunities presented by the price revolution like England and the Netherlands • Why? • Aristocratic structure of French society—French nobles looked down on commerce • Guilds restricted competition and production & in France there were fewer opportunities for merchant-capitalists to operate outside the guilds • Spanish values regarded business as a “form of social heresy.” They were contemptuous of commerce & industry. • Spain wasted money on its empire and Catholicism rather than on investing in economic expansion.