" Thinking Politically ..With a Focus on the Politics of AIDS Exceptionalism vs. Taking AIDS out of Isolation

1. "Thinking Politically ..With a Focus on the Politics of AIDS Exceptionalism vs. Taking AIDS out of Isolation: Reflections from South Africa” Professor Alan Whiteside HEARD Social and Political Sciences Pre-conference Washington Friday 20th July 11.00 to 12.30

2. The South African Story The HIV/AIDS epidemic Putting them together An agenda for future work Outline

3. HIV prevalence & no of HIV+ people countries with >1% of SSA HIV+ population. HIV prevalence and number of HIV positive people in countries with 1% or more of the total Sub-Saharan African HIV positive population. Data from: UNAIDS (http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/epidemiology/

4. Three Challenges Numbers Prevention Impacts A 2 A 1 A Care & Treatment B B 1 T T Time 1 2 Source: Barnett, T. & Whiteside, A. (2006) AIDS in the Twenty-First Century. Palgrave MacMillan

5. 6th April 1652 arrival of the Dutch 1867 Diamonds discovered (then gold) 1902 Boer Republics defeated Union 1948 election of Nationalist Government 1961 ANC and PAC banned 1976 Soweto 1983 Townships ungovernable major conflict 1990 political parties unbanned, release of Mandela 1994 First free election The Politics of South Africa

6. The South African Epidemic (ANC data)

7. The South African by age & gender

8. HIV and AIDS: The Numbers

9. The Epidemic and Politics The time of little concern 1983 – 1990 • gay men and migrants The period of distraction 1990 – 1994 • Negotiating change, violence and lack of data Other priorities 1994 – 1999 • Mandela government, RDP Denial 1999 – 2007 • Mbeki, poverty, Presidential Panel, African potatoes, garlic, lemon juice

10. References (Books) Alan Whiteside and Clem Sunter, AIDS The Challenge for South Africa, Human etc. 2000 Catherine Campbell, Letting them die, James Currey 2003 Pieter Fourie, The Political Management of AIDS in South Africa, Palgrave 2006 Peter Gill, Body Count, Profile Books 2006 Nicoli Nattrass, Mortal Combat: AIDS Denialism and the Struggle for Antiretrovirals in South Africa, UKZN Press 2007 Lesley Lawson, Side effects, Double Story 2008 Kerry Cullinan and Anso Thom, The Virus, Vitamins and Vegetables: The South African HIV/AIDS Mystery Jacana 2009 Pieter Fourie and Melissa Meyer, The Politics of AIDS Denialism South Africa’s Failure to Respond, Ashgate 2010 Nicoli Nattrass, The AIDS Conspiracy: Science Fights Back, Columbia 2012

11. Why The message: essentially private, (sex) ‘moral’ behaviours, ‘you should not’ forever The evidence of the disease is not there The messengers: scientists, white, male, western The style of delivery Money and resources An inconvenient disease

12. What changed Science Treatment Deaths in the community Activism Public perception of AIDS as an issue: >1% in 1999 to 30% in 2004 www.afrobarometer.org New government = political space Shame of Pepfar and GFATM etc

13. What Next? The role of political science The role of social science From observer to participant From ‘understanding’ to action? There is a research agenda in understanding what the epidemic means in terms of deaths, dependence, gender relations and ‘normalisation’

14. Demographics: Population Growth Rate