Chapter 5 Police in Society: History and Organization

1. Chapter 5Police in Society: History and Organization

2. History of Police • Prior to Eighteenth Century • No regular English police force prior to the Norman Conquest • The Pledge System • Families banded together for protection • People raised the “hue and cry” to warn others of trouble and to pursue criminals. • Tithings were formed (10 families). • Ten tithings banded together to form a hundred supervised by a constable. • Hundreds banded together to form shires supervised by the shire reeve.

3. History of Police (cont.) • The Watch System: 13th Century • More formal than the pledge system. • Employed watchmen to protect property against fire and robbery. • Justice of the peace established and given judicial duties. • Constables served as assistants to justices of the peace.

4. History of Police (cont.) • Private monied police profited because of lack of formal police (thief takers). • Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners • 1829 – Sir Robert Peel, London Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) creates the first organized police force of over 1,000 men.

5. History of Police (cont.) • Law Enforcement in Colonial America • County Sheriff was the most important law enforcement person. • Sheriff collected taxes, supervised elections, and other matters of business. • Reacted to citizens’ complaints and investigated crimes • Paid on a fee system linked to effectiveness

6. History of Police (cont.) • Early Police Agencies • Boston created first U.S. police dept. in 1838 • Early agencies were corrupt • Patrolled on foot • Major responsibility was maintaining order • Power was almost unchecked • Uniforms introduced in New York in 1853 • Telegraph police boxes installed in 1867 • Detroit began using bicycles in 1897

7. History of Police (cont.) • Twentieth Century Reform • Advent of police administrative boards to reduce local officials’ control over police • Boston police strike of 1919 increased interest in police reform • With onset of the Depression, justice reform became less important

8. History of Police (cont.) • The Emergence of Professionalism • 1893, International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) was formed • IACP called for civil service police force • August Vollmer, most famous police reformer of the time • Instituted university training for young officers • Helped develop School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley

9. The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2003 • Policing in the 1960s • Turmoil and crisis characterized this era • Supreme Court decisions during this time impacted police • Rapidly growing crime rate • Policing in the 1970s • Structural changes in police departments • Increased federal support, LEAA • Computers • Women and minorities recruited

10. The Modern Era of Policing: 1960-2003 (cont.) • Policing in the 1980s • Emergence of community policing • Unions fought for increase in salaries • State and local budgets cut during Reagan Administration • Policing in the 1990s • Rodney King case • Increase in diversity of police forces

11. Policing and Law Enforcement Today • Federal Law Enforcement Agencies • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • Approximately 30,000 employees • Jurisdiction over federal laws including all statutes not specifically assigned to other agencies • Mission evolves and changes based on world conditions • Current focus on terrorism

12. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) • Harrison Act of 1914 – established federal jurisdiction over supply and use of drugs • Assist local agencies and foreign governments. • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives • Originally named the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms it was transferred from the Treasury Department to the Justice Department in 2003. • Agency’s strategic plan being revised to reflect new name and mission.

13. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • U.S. Marshals • Nation’s oldest federal law enforcement agency. • Wide range of responsibilities: • Judicial security • Fugitive investigations • Witness security • Prisoner services • Justice prisoner and alien transportation • Asset forfeiture program • Internal Revenue Service • Customs Service • Secret Service

14. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • Internal Revenue Service • Enforces tax laws • Responsible for the prosecution of Al Capone • Secret Service • Originally created to combat counterfeiting. • Provides protection to president, vice president and their family members, presidential candidates, and former presidents.

15. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • State Law Enforcement Agencies • Created to deal with crime in nonurban areas. • 1835 – Texas Rangers were created as one of first state police agencies. • Jurisdiction ranges from primary responsibility to enforce traffic laws to general police powers. • Provide a wide range of support to other agencies.

16. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • County Law Enforcement Agencies • County sheriff’s role evolved from early English shire reeve • Nearly 3,100 sheriffs’ offices • Provide routine patrol, responding to citizen calls and investigating crimes • Duties vary according to size & degree of development in the county

17. Policing and Law Enforcement Today (cont.) • Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies • Range in size from agencies with 40,000 officers to departments with only 1 officer. • Most provide a wide variety of services and functions.

18. Technology and Law Enforcement • Information Technology • National Crime Information Center, 1967 • Data mining • Imaging systems • Crime mapping

19. Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.) • Criminal Identification • Computerized photo lineup • Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) • DNA Testing • Identification of suspects based on genetic material found in hair, blood, other bodily fluids • RFLP • PCR • Ethical and practical questions

20. Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.) • Communications technology is now commonplace in policing. • Mobile computer systems • Portable computers • Pen computing • Head-up display terminals

21. Technology and Law Enforcement (cont.) • Future technology • Genetic algorithms • Augmented reality • Automated Biometric Identification System