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Life-span Perspective. The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual.Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together. . Developme
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1. Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Biological Beginnings. Chapters 1 & 2
2. Life-span Perspective The perspective that development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual.
Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation and is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together.
3. Development The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth, but includes declines brought on by aging, and dying.
Development fits the life-span perspective.
4. Issues Driving Study of Development Nature vs. Nurture
Debate as to whether all development is based off of genetic cues or is based off environmental cues
Nature means it is completely genetic
Nurture means it is completely environmental
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Debates as to whether development occurs in nice cleans stages or in abrupt shifts
Continuity means stages
Discontinuity means abrupt shifts
5. Issues of Development Continued… Stability vs. Change
Debates whether we simply develop into an older more mature version of ourselves or if we ultimately become a different person than what we started out as.
Stability means we just mature and all our personality traits remain the same as from childhood
Change means that we become someone different with different personality traits.
6. Early Developmental Theories Psychoanalytic
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Cognitive
Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Information Processing Theory
Behavioral
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
7. Psychoanalytic Theories Psychosexual (Freud)
Founded that children develop based on sexual pleasure being obtained from different erogenous zones
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Completed at about age 16. Psychosocial (Erikson)
Stated that development was based on meeting social milestones at certain ages.
Stages on page 24
Believed that development continued until death.
8. Cognitive Theories Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Based on the idea of schemas or fixed ideas or maps that we all posses and the shifting of these schemas to more advance ways of problem solving
Four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Development is completed by about 16 Information Processing
Compares humans to computers
States that we have the necessary hardware at birth (brain structures etc) and the our memory strategies up-grade as we develop much like software.
No date for completion of development.
9. Behavioral Theories Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Believed that all development was done because we receive rewards and punishments that encourage the development of certain behaviors Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura)
Believed that development was a mixture of behavioral conditioning, environmental factors, and cognitive factors.
Modeling was the major source of developmental learning.
Bobo dolls.
10. The Darwin Awards Darwin theory states that future generations of species improved based on genes that were inherited because they were benificial
Evolutionary psychology emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.
Highly influenced by Darwinian theory.
11. Developmental Processes Cognitive
Changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language
Socioemotional
Changes in an individual’s relationship with other people, emotions, and personality
Biological
Changes in an individual’s physical nature
Biopsychosocial
Connecting the three into a way of looking at development from all perspectives.
12. Biological Beginnings: the Basics DNA
Molecule that contains the genetic information
Gene
Units of hereditary information composed of DNA.
Direct cells to reproduce and manufacture protiens that maintain life
Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs. They contain DNA
13. Basics continued . . . Fertilization is a stage of reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote
Zygote is the cell formed through fertilization
Mitosis: cellular reproduction in which a cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm cells
14. Not so basics Genotype
A person’s genetic heritage.
The actual genetic makeup a person has.
Phenotype
The way a person’s genotype is expressed along with environmental influences
The way genes are expressed when introduced to every other factor besides genetics
15. Twins and Nature vs. Nurture Twins
Monozygotic
Genetically identical
Come from one zygote splitting in two
Dizygotic
Genetically the same as any sibling
Come from two eggs being fertilized at the same time or near the same time. Twin studies
Psychological studies conducted on twins to see what seems genetic and what seems environmental.
16. Abnormalities Chromosomal
Down Syndrome
21 chromosome is triplicated
Klinefelter syndrome
Men have XXY instead of XY
Fragile X
The X chromosome becomes restricted and often breaks
Turner syndrome
Females have only X instead of XX
Superman (XYY)
Men have an extra Y chromosome. Gene-linked
PKU
Body cannot process phenylalonine, an amino acid
Sickle-cell anemia
Red blood cells are shaped like a sickle, most often found in people of African decent
Huntington’s Disease
Neurological disorder
Tay-Sachs Disease
Exclusively found in Jewish populations