Direct searches for Dark Matter with DarkSide and MADMAX

1. Direct searches for Dark Matter with DarkSide and MADMAX Pierre Barrillon, Stephan Beurthey, Fabrice Hubaut, Pierre Karst,Pascal Pralavorio 1- Scientific context and opportunities 2- Technical opportunities and first achievements 3- Conclusions and perspectives WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

2. Scientific context • Dark matter (DM) is one of the main puzzle of today’s fundamental physics • Several candidates exists but two leading ones strongly motivated by particle physics: WIMP(hierarchy pb),Axion(~no CP violation in strong interaction) s (fb) 1401.6085 SM-DM cross-section (cm2) Axion 10-5 WIMP … balanced by abundant DM particles from our galaxy halo: rDM = O(0.1) GeV/cm3 Very feeble interaction with SM 10-13 O(100) meV O(100) GeV Mass (GeV) - O(1012)/cm3 ~ gaz  High occupancy - Tiny mass & interaction  Very feeble signal Challenge: Boost the signal • O(10-3)/cm3  Low occupancy • High mass  visible signal • Challenge: High detection volume (low background) WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

3. Axion (1/2) • QCD dark matter axion can only be detected with direct searches • Convert invisible axion into photon  High Magnetic field >>1 T • Boost the photon signal  Resonant cavities or emission at dielectric interface • Detect the amplified photon signal  GHz receiver, sensitive to P~10-22 W (very low noise) MulticavitiesRADES, ADMX-SideCar Very High B CAPP Dielectric haloscopes Cavities Cavity size too small + high noise ADMX MADMAX ma (meV) [na=ng,lg] 1 10 40 100 400 [2.5GHz, 12 cm] [10 GHz, 3 cm] [25GHz, 1.2 cm] [100 GHz, 0.3 cm] [0.25 GHz, 120 cm] Lots of new ideas last 10 years to cover the interesting mass range WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

4. Axion (2/2) • Situation and prospects for axion searches 1801.08127 2019 Norm. Axion-photon Interaction ~2029 Phase space favored by theory Axion Mass (eV) O(100) meV  Discovery/exclusion with MADMAX at O(100) mev in the next 10 years WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

5. WIMP (1/3) • Dark matter WIMPs can be detected by several means(complementary) • Annihilation in astrophysical objects, e.g. with KM3NeT, CTA • Production at pp collisions: Higgs  invisible, ETmiss+X (and more generally SUSY searches) • Scattering ofgalaxy halo WIMPs on SM particles (Direct observation) : • Very large volume  Need scalable technologies • Very low background  low noise electronics + detector under control Indirect (quite low for Ar) mc=50 GeV 1509.08767 sDM-Nucl (cm2) Below is favored by theory LAr LXe neutrino floor Year Leading Techno: Ge Bolo LXe LXe+LAr  Leading technology for direct searches : LAr / LXe dual phase TPC WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

6. WIMP (2/3) • LAr technology starts to be mature … • Merging of all world-wide LAr experiments  most advanced techno in one experiment • Innovative use a proto-DUNE cryostat to host the neutron VETO and TPC, 300 k SiPM • High removal of Electron Recoils Background free at high WIMP mass • Pulse shape discrimination with a rejection factor >108 (~none with LXe) linked with intrinsic properties of Argon • TPC filled with Underground Argon (with less 39Ar) + Further purification (39Ar, 85Kr, O, H2O) • … and expected / demonstrated high level performance: • Best current observed exclusion limits at low mass <10 GeV • Strong discovery potential in next 10 years for high mass (>30 GeV) : because ~0.1 background event expected in 5 years (100 t.yr) • Complementary in case of discovery by LXe (currently leading the race) • Directionality ? Potentiality to go under the neutrino floor ? • Less sensitive to new results from GAIA (lower WIMP wind speed) than LXe 1802.06994 1707.08145  Liquid Argon technology promising and complementary with LXe WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

7. WIMP (3/3) Phase space favored by theory • Situation and prospects for WIMP searches 2019 CDMS LAr Edelweiss-III LXe ~2029 1evt / (ton x year) 2019 ~2029 solar atm neutrino floor Masse du WIMP (GeV)  Discovery/exclusion expected in the next 10 years with direct searches WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

8. Scientific Opportunities (1/3) • Propose to broaden the search for dark matter candidates at CPPM • Since dark matter is one of the main puzzles in particle physics today • No direct search for the two most promising candidates is presently carried on • Complementary with on-going indirect searches @ CPPM (KM3NeT, CTA, LHC), MIMAC • How ? • DarkSide 20k very promising: leader at low mass + background-free at high mass • MADMAX very promising: only capable to explore phase space favored by theory • Why now ? • Next decade will be crucial for discovery / exclusion • DarkSide and MADMAX are preparing their prototype now  physics in early 2020’s 20- Assembling @ CERN Low Mass WIMP High Mass WIMP Assembling @LNGS ALP/Dark Photon Assemb. @ DESY QCD Axion Assembling @ DESY WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

9. Scientific Opportunities (2/3) • DM recognized as very high priority in the world-wide community EU APPEC Strategy (20172026), US Cosmic vision (2017), ESPP Slides (2019) • Dark Matter • “Elucidating the nature of Dark Matter is a key priority at the leading tip of astroparticle physics”(EU) • “Deciphering the fundamental nature of dark matter ... is one of the foremost open questions in fundamental science today with tremendous potential to deepen our understanding of the laws of Nature.” (US) • DM candidate WIMP / Axion, Experiment • “Among the plethora of subatomic particles proposed to explain the Dark Matter content of our Universe, one category stands out: the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP).”(EU) • “Encourage the continuation of a diverse and vibrant programme(including experiments as well as detector R&D) searching for WIMPs and non-WIMP Dark Matter” (EU) • “Complete exploration of this parameter space remains the highest priority of the dark matter community” (US) • “The flagships of the US Dark Matter search program are the G2 experiments ADMX, LZ, and SuperCDMS, which will cover well-motivated axion and WIMP dark matter over a range of masses.” (US) • Technology for WIMP and Axion discovery • “ Converge around 2019 on a strategy aimed at realizing worldwide at least one ‘ultimate’ Dark Matter detector based on xenon (in the order of 50 tons) andone based on argon (in the order of 300 tons), as advocated respectively by DARWIN and Argo.” (EU) • 2 inputs from direct WIMP searches in Europe (DARWIN=Xe, GADMC=Ar) + risinginterest in axions searches (‘’In Europe MADMAX Is a new key player’’). Use of expertise / guidance from CERN stronglyencouraged.(ESPP Slides) • http://www.appec.org/wp-content/uploads/Documents/Current-docs/APPEC-Strategy-Book-Proof-19-Feb-2018.pdf • https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.04591 • https://indico.cern.ch/event/808335/ WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

10. Scientific Opportunities (3/3) http://old.in2p3.fr/actions/conseils_scientifiques/media/2018_octobre/Rapport-2018-10-final.pdf • Scientific council IN2P3 (28-Oct 2018) • DarkSide: CS-IN2P3 very positive CPPM : renforcerl’activitéfrançaise avec contributions techniques (calibration) • Axions: no participation from IN2P3 CPPM : nouvelle thématique avec contributions techniques (R&D novatrice) WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

11. Technical Opportunities @CPPM  Fabrice’s presentation: https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/17984/ Journées Prospectives CPPM Journées Labo Carry  Session prospectives matière noire: https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/17661/ Journées Prospectives CPPM Discussion with all technical services to identify technical opportunities and interested persons DarkSide Seminar CS-IN2P3 MADMAX Seminar 24 09 01 10 08 10 26 10 21-23 11 28 01 1-3 04 6-10 05 24 05 17-21 06 25-27 09 MADMAX Week (2 pres.) MADMAX Week (2 pres.) Discussion with MADMAX collaboration about technical contributions Discussion with DarkSide collaboration about technical contributions DarkSide Week (2 pres.) DarkSide Integration Meeting (1 pres.)  Identified technical opportunities + first achievements in last 6 months WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

12. Opportunities in MADMAX (1/4) White Paper (1901.07401) • ~30 collaborators. Main contacts: MPI-Münich, U-Hamburg, DESY, CEA 20- ALP/Dark Photon Assemb. @ DESY QCD Axion Assembling @ DESY @DESY axion hub (IAXO, ALPS, MADMAX) Institute, Industry H1 Yoke L=6m (Hamburg DESY) L= 0(1) m Mirror (Bonn MPlfR) Cryostat (4K) inc. Feedthrough (Hamburg DESY, Hamburg UHH) F = 4.5m Horn Antenna + Receiver (Munich MPI, Grenoble Néel + WMI) F = 1m 10T Magnet (Final: CEA-DACM, Noell Proto:CERN) Focussing Mirror (Bonn MPlfR) Booster (Hamburg UHH, Hamburg DESY, Munich MPI, Marseille CPPM, Aachen RWTH, Tubingen + SmarAct,, SmarTec, High Finesse, Nanos, JPE) 80 thin 1 m2 dielectric disks Picture not to scale WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

13. Opportunities in MADMAX (2/4) • Best match for CPPM: mechanics of the prototype booster • Prototype booster composed of 20 disks of 30 cm diameter made of Lanthanide aluminium LaAlO3(e~24, tan d~10-6) • Need to control precisely disk thickness 1mm +/10 mm • Need to position precisely disks (10 mm)with piezo motors • The whole set-up is embedded in a cryostat T~4K and B~2T LaAlO3 Tiles assembled with blue glue Mechanics of the prototype booster (60 piezo motors) f=30cm Very challenging R&D ongoing  many technical opportunities WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

14. Opportunities in MADMAX (3/4) Pierre Karst, Stephan Beurthey • First CPPM contributions on mechanics • Profit from the precision measurement infrastructure of the lab to control disk planarity and thickness with 3 different set-up, with precision <10 mm Results presented at MADMAX Week (1-3 Apr) WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

15. Opportunities in MADMAX (3’/4) Pierre Karst, Stephan Beurthey • First CPPM contributions on mechanics • Profit from the precision measurement infrastructure of the lab to control disk planarity and thickness with 3 different set-up, with precision <10 mm • Currently working on including the measurements in the MADMAX simulation code  Entry point in MADMAX identified and work started with reduced manpower WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

16. Opportunities in MADMAX (4/4) • We proposed the prototype to be operated at CERN • Identified ATLAS(!) testbeam magnet  OK during the LHC shutdowns (2021/22 and 2022/23) North Area (Prevessin) Cooling system Iron Yoke 1.6 m (1.6 T) Coil (2 face-to-face saddle shaped coils) • Will submit a LoI to SPSC in June • Can already probe unexplored region of phase space (ALPs) with the prototype  Can do physics at short term at CERN WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

17. Opportunities in DarkSide (1/4) White Paper (1707.08145) • ~300 collaborators. Main contacts: APC, LPNHE, INFN, LNGS, Princeton, Triumf 20- Assembling @ CERN Low Mass WIMP High Mass WIMP Assembling @LNGS DS-20k TPC (3.5x3.5x3.5 m3, 50t purified LAr) read by 8300 PDMs (~200k SiPM) 1 PDM = 24 SiPM 5 cm LAr Proto-DUNE (8.5x8.5x8 m3, 700 t LAr) to veto muons. Designed at CERN Purified LAr 20t Gd-loaded acrylic to veto neutron (inc. ~100k SiPM) Copper Vessel WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

18. Opportunities in DarkSide (2/4) Pierre Barrillon • Best match for CPPM: detector calibration • Central and rich program, in line with CS-IN2P3 of 28-Oct • Benefit from expertise of APC and LPNHE + add technical contributions  IN2P3 dynamics • Guide tube system that will circulate neutron and gamma sources in the final detector Motors Motors Motor Motor Cryostat Wall Z Y TPC WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

19. Opportunities in DarkSide (3/4) Pierre Barrillon • First CPPM contributions on detector calibration • Central and rich program, in line with CS-IN2P3 of 28-Oct • Benefit from expertise of APC and LPNHE + add technical contributions  IN2P3 dynamics • In 2019, conceptual design of guide tube system that will circulate neutron and gamma sources in the final detector used for energy and position calibration + MC tuning Guide tube and nVeto Guide tube size and material Motor position on cryostat roof TPC nVeto Results presented at DarkSide Integration Workshop (6-10 May) WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

20. Opportunities in DarkSide (3’/4) • First CPPM contributions on detector calibration • Central and rich program, in line with CS-IN2P3 of 28-Oct  IN2P3 dynamics • Conceptual design of the guide tube system • Currently working on optimization of the guide tube system using simulations (example below for 57Co) Propose a complete calibration strategy 57Co source (122 keV g)in guide tube, 3 cm away from the TPC acrylic wall Z Y  Entry point in DarkSide identified and work started with reduced manpower WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

21. Opportunities in DarkSide (4/4) • Participation to data analysis of prototype at CERN • Two prototypes will be built at CERN and tested with calibration sources • Supervise one CERN summer student (shared with proto-DUNE project) • proto-0 (1.2k SiPM) • First validation of SiPM • operational in June 2019 • proto-LowMass (1 ton, 9k SiPM) • Full scaled-down version of final detector • Operational in March 2020 • Plan to then send this proto to LNGS for physics data-taking  Can do physics at short term at CERN WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

22. Synergies Complementarity with indirect searches (KM3NeT, CTA), LHC, MIMAC (directionality) @ CPPM DUNE (n platform CERN), JUNO Local connection with theoreticians Dark Side LAr purification (radon) LAr calorimetry detector for future colliders (SiPM) 10 ps challenge (PET) Laser welding of LaAlO3 tiles (LP3 lab in Luminy) Local connection with theoreticians ATLAS Prototype Magnet (CERN) MADMAX Transdisciplinarity at CNRS (Institut Néel) IN2P3 - Helmholtz (DESY) project WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

23. Conclusions • Direct Dark Matter searches : dynamic research field in the next decade • Strong motivations for WIMP and axion searches • Identified one promising experiment for each candidate, with large discovery potential in the next 10 years  consistency and complementarity • Strong associated opportunities @CPPM • First achievements since 6 months with reduced manpower (~0.4 FTE ITA) • Technical entry points in both collaborations identified : • MADMAX: challenging R&D in disk booster mechanics • DarkSide: calibration (reinforce IN2P3 activity as recommended by CS-IN2P3) • Early physics (beg. 2020’s) with prototypes operated at CERN + Complementary with on-going indirect searches @ CPPM (KM3NeT, CTA, LHC, …) and synergies with several other CPPM activities Short term Opportunities(scientific & technical) on a fundamental questionof particle physics with a strong discovery potential WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019

24. Short term perspectives • Continue and reinforce activities in direct dark matter experiments • Technical activities • Physics with CERN prototypes • Develop synergies with other activities • MADMAX: scalability from the prototype to final detector (disks, mechanics and robustness) • DarkSide: mock-up to test the robustness of the calibration system • MADMAX: prepare data taking in the CERN Magnet • DarkSide: data analyses of the CERN prototype • Indirect searches (@CPPM + theoreticians), DUNE (n platform @ CERN), laser welding with LP3 @Luminy, imagerie médicale (PET 10ps), purification LAr (radon) WIMP, Axions CPPM, Mai 2019