Types of Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

1. Type of HYDROCARBONS Alkanes Organic Compounds can be classified into groups with related structures and properties As size of molecules increase the boilling and freezing points increase, because increase intermolecular bonds PHYSICAL STATE AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE METHANE GAS substance EXANE Liquid substance

2. Type of HYDROCARBONS Alkanes The Smaller compound results from oil processing and are normal fuels.

3. Type of HYDROCARBONS Lenght of Carbon Chain Acyclic ALKANES • ALKANES: Simplest members of Hydrocarbons family and are satured molecules. CnH2n+2 Twice as many Hydrogen as Carbon + 2 All members have general formula Base name is related to the carbon atom number

4. Type of HYDROCARBONS Lenght of Carbon Chain Ex.1 A saturated hyrocarbons contains 5 carbon atoms. What’s the formula? C5H5x2+2 = C5H12 Ex.2 A saturated hyrocarbons contains 20 carbon atoms. What’s the formula? C20H20x2+2 = C20H42 Acyclic ALKANES • ALKANES: Simplest members of Hydrocarbons family and are satured molecules. CnH2n+2 Twice as many Hydrogen as Carbon + 2 All members have general formula SATURED = SINGLE BONDS

5. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic compounds are named according to the IUPAC (international union of pure & applied chemistry) system of nomenclature. Acyclic ALKANES ALKANES: Naming Organic Compound Organic Prefix Alkanes prefix-end ANE

6. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic Prefix Acyclic ALKANES • ALKANES: Simplest members of Hydrocarbons family and are satured molecules. • CH4 = methane • C2H6 = ethane • C3H8 = propane • C4H10 = butane • C5H12 = pentane SATURED = SINGLE BONDS

7. Type of HYDROCARBONS • ALKANES: The smaller the compound the Lower Boiling point and Melting point is (less bonds to break

8. Type of HYDROCARBONS Alkenes series of unsaturated hydrocarbons having one double bond (C=C) Also called ethylene series (IUPAC name is ethene) General formula CnH2n

9. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic compounds are named according to the IUPAC (international union of pure & applied chemistry) system of nomenclature. Acyclic ALKANES ALKENES: Naming Organic Compound Organic Prefix Alkanes prefix-end ENE

10. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic Prefix Acyclic ALKANES • ALKENES: double covalent bond C=C SATURED = SINGLE BONDS

11. Type of HYDROCARBONS ALKENES: double covalent bond C=C This is 1-butene, because the double bond is between the 1st and 2nd carbon from the end.

12. Type of HYDROCARBONS Pentene ALKENES: double covalent bond C=C This is 1-pentene. The double bond is on the first carbon from the end. This is not another isomer of pentene. This is also 2-pentene, just that the double bond is closer to the right end.

13. Type of HYDROCARBONS Alkynes General formula CnH2n-2 a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain 1 triple bond Also called the acetylene series

14. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic compounds are named according to the IUPAC (international union of pure & applied chemistry) system of nomenclature. Acyclic ALKYNES ALKYNES: Naming Organic Compound Organic Prefix Alkynes prefix-end YNE

15. Type of HYDROCARBONS Organic Prefix Acyclic ALKYNES • ALKYNES: triple covalent bond C=C SATURED = SINGLE BONDS

16. Type of HYDROCARBONS • ALKYL Groups: have one less hydrogen than corresponding alkane • CH3 is methyl– one less H than methane, CH4 H C H H H Draw methyl

17. Type of HYDROCARBONS • ALKYL Groups: have one less hydrogen than corresponding alkane • C2H5is ethyl– one less H than ethane C2H6 H H C C H H H H Draw ethyl

18. C3H7is propyl– one less H than propane C3H8 propane propyl

19. Type of HYDROCARBONS • Cyclic Hydrocarbons: have cyclic structure. The name is the same for acyclic omologues, but before you must insert prefix Cyclo General formula CnH2n

20. Type of HYDROCARBONS Benzene – a series of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. • Aromatic Hydrocarbons: have cyclic structure with alternating double bonds General formula CnH2n+6 Benzene – C6H6 the simplest in the family

21. Type of HYDROCARBONS • Aromatic Hydrocarbons: have cyclic structure with alternating double bonds IUPAC Naming Branched Hydrocarbon Chains

22. Type of HYDROCARBONS BRANCHED HYDROCARBON CHAIN Sometimes the hydrocarbon chains are not straight and sometimes they have other elements attached to them. Here is how they are named:

23. Type of HYDROCARBONS 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 BRANCHED HYDROCARBON CHAIN CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 Step 1: Find the longest continuous chain of carbons. All bonds in the chain of carbons are single bonds so ending is… ane. There are 7 continuous carbons, so the parent chain is heptane.

24. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Step 2: Number the carbons in the main sequence starting with the end that will give the attached groups the smallest #. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 This chain is numbered from right to left because there is a substituent closest to the right.

25. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 Step 3 : Add numbers to the names of the groups to identify their positions on the chain. CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 these numbers become prefixes to the parent chain. yl ethane In this ex. the positions are: C2H6 5 - methyl, - methyl, - ethyl 2 3 4

26. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 • Step 4: Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of a group more than once in the structure. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 Di = TWICE TRI = THREE TIMES TETRA = FOUR TIMES PENTA = FIVE TIMES CH3

27. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 • This chain has 2 methyl groups so dimethyl is used. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 Step 5: List the alkyl groups in alphabetical order. In this ex. dimethyl is listed before the ethyl.

28. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 Step 6: Use punctuation - use commas to separate numbers -hyphens to separate numbers with words.

29. The name of this compound is: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CH3 - CH2 - CH2 – CH – CH – CH - CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 2,3-dimethyl– 4-ethyl heptane

30. CH3 CH3 Step 1: 6 carbons = CH3 - CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH - CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1 hex All single bonds = ends in ane So parent chain is hexane Step 2: start numbering from right to left Step 3: 2 -methyl and 4-methyl

31. CH3 CH3 CH3 - CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH - CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1 2,4 dimethyl hexane

32. When naming with a double/triple bond-start # carbons closest to the bond. CH3 CH3 C C C C C 1 2 3 4 5 3,4dimethyl, 2-pentene

33. Now start with name and draw the structure. • 3-ethylhexane: C C C C C C CH2 CH3 You can place H’s all around or just leave as is. H C H yl ethane H C H C2H6 5 H

34. 2,2,4-trimethylpentane CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3

35. Type of HYDROCARBONS Other Organic Compounds • Functional Groups – specific groupings of atoms that give characteristic properties to organic compounds. • HALIDES F Fluoro Cl Chloro Br Bromo I Iodio What group do these belong to? HALOGENES

36. Type of HYDROCARBONS Compounds that are formed when any halogen replaces an H atom in an alkane The functionl group is HALIDE (F, I, Cl, Br) • HALIDES: C linked with HALOGENES SATURED = SINGLE BONDS

37. Type of HYDROCARBONS HALIDES • They are named by citing the location of the halogen attached to the chain Drop the “ine” and add “o” F 2- fluoropropane