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KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla. Nonvascular plants: must grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. rely on free-standing water for reproduction. Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants. Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta.

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KEY CONCEPT Plants can be classified into nine phyla.

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  1. KEY CONCEPTPlants can be classified into nine phyla.

  2. Nonvascular plants: must grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients. rely on free-standing water for reproduction. Mosses and their relatives are seedless nonvascular plants.

  3. Liverworts belong to phylum Hepatophyta. • often grow on wet rocks or in greenhouses

  4. Hornworts belong to phylum Anthocerophyta. • found in tropical forests and along streams • flat, lobed body with little green “horns”

  5. Mosses belong to phylum Bryophyta. • most common seedless nonvascular plants

  6. A vascular system allows club mosses and ferns to grow higher off the ground. Both need free-standing water for reproduction. Club mosses and ferns are seedless vascular plants.

  7. Club mosses belong to phylum Lycophyta. • not true mosses • oldest living group of vascular plants

  8. frond fiddlehead • Ferns and their relatives belong to phylum Pterophyta. • whisk ferns and horsetails are close relatives of ferns • ferns have large leaves called fronds

  9. Seed plants have several advantages over their seedless ancestors. can reproduce without free-standing water, via pollination Seed plants include cone-bearing plants and flowering plants. • pollinationoccurs when pollen meets female plantparts • seeds nourish and protect plant embryo • seeds allow plants to disperse to new places

  10. Gymnosperms do not have seeds enclosed in fruit. • most gymnosperms are cone-bearing and evergreen. • the cone is reproductive structure of most gymnosperms. • pollen is producedin male cones. • eggs are produced in female cones. • seeds develop on scales of female cones.

  11. Cycads are gymnosperms in phylum Cycadophyta. • look like palm trees with large cones • grow in tropical areas

  12. Ginkgos are gymnosperms in phylum Ginkgophyta. • only one species alive today, Ginkgo biloba • grown in gardens and used in urban landscaping

  13. Conifers are gymnosperms in phylum Coniferophyta. • most common gymnosperms alive today • includes pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

  14. Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in some type of fruit. • A flower is the reproductive structure of angiosperms. • A fruit is a mature ovary of a flower. • Angiosperms, or flowering plants, belong in phylum Anthophyta.

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