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Recent Trends in Membrane Technology for Water quality management

Recent Trends in Membrane Technology for Water quality management. Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Tewari President Indian Desalination Association Professor Homi Bhabha national Institute Head Desalination Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay Mumbai (India). January 20,2011 Delhi.

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Recent Trends in Membrane Technology for Water quality management

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  1. Recent Trends in Membrane Technology for Water quality management Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Tewari President Indian Desalination Association Professor HomiBhabha national Institute Head Desalination Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay Mumbai (India) January 20,2011 Delhi

  2. Access to water ≠ Safe drinking water

  3. Water Quality Problem Number of Habitations affected by Contaminants in India 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 No.of habitations 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Iron Multiple Salinity Arsenic Fluoride Source: DDWS

  4. Science and technology for water quality management Disinfection Decontamination Clean water Desalination Re-use and reclamation Shannon etal. Nature 452(2009)301-310.

  5. URBAN SECTOR(Large size requirement MLD) RURAL SECTOR(Community size desalination/ water purification systems KLD) DOMESTIC SECTOR(Point of use technology LPD) INDUSTRIAL SECTOR (Waste heat utilization/ water recycling & reuse KLD to MLD) DISASTER MANAGEMENT(Extreme field conditions KLD) Coimbatore February 2009

  6. Membrane Technology

  7. Pressure DrivenMembrane Processes

  8. Salient features of the membranes

  9. Membrane Development Preparation of Membrane Selection of Polymer Characterization Application Diagnostics Membrane Development at BARC • CHALLENGES • High efficiency membrane • Membrane life • Membrane flux • Fouling & compaction resistant

  10. WATER PURIFICATION

  11. Ultra-Filtration (UF) Membarane for Domestic Water Purification No suspended solids No Bacteria (Inactive, dead or decayed) Very Compact Small inexpensive device No need of electricity No need of Chemicals Highly resistant towards chemicals No loss of water, (dead end operation) UF membrane candle Housing UF Membrane device for domestic water purification

  12. Commercialized On-line Domestic Water Purifier Produced & Marketed by BARC’s Licensees No of licensees: 21

  13. Rural Adaptation of BARC developed Membrane Based water Purification Technology Contaminated water Domestic Water Purifier • Ultra-Filtration (UF) based domestic and community level • water purification technologies • Removal of bacteria and virus from the contaminated water • Works without electricity. pure water

  14. BARC Developed Membrane based Next Generation Water Purification Devices • Arsenic removal (product water <10 ppb as per WHO standard) • Iron removal (product water <0.3 ppm as per WHO standard) • Fluoride removal (product water <1 ppm as per WHO standard) UF Module Capacity: 5 KLD

  15. Role of BARC in Desalination & water Purification-Present Capabilities-Solar Energy Driven Desalination & Water Purification Solar Energy Driven Desalination & Water Purification Facilities at Trombay RO Capacity: 2000 LPD* UF Capacity 2400 LPD RO Capacity 240 LPD Solar-Thermal 1000 LPD LPD*: Litres Per Day

  16. DESALINATION

  17. Trailor Mounted Brackish Water RO Desalination Plants Present Capabilities in Community size (KLD)- BARC DG UF RO Trailor Mounted RO Developed by BARC RO Plant for Sea water Desalination at Kalpakkam BARC (Capacity: 1.8 MLD) • PLANT CHARACTERISTICS: • Product Quality: • As per WHO • Higher membrane • flux hence more • production • Energy Recovery • Less pretreatment

  18. BACKWASHABLE SPIRAL WOUND ULTRAFILTRATION ELEMENT BACKWASHABLE UF ELEMENT IN OPERATION • SPECIFICATIONS • Operating pressure 2-3 Kg/cm2 (g) • Backwashing pressure upto 2.0 Kg/cm2(g) • Polysulphone/ Polyether sulphone Ultrafiltration membrane • Cross flow mode of operation for higher NTU feed • Dead-end mode operation for feed quality upto 10 NTU • Membrane flux of 1000 lmd/bar • Backwashing by filtrate / pure service water SALIENT FEATURES Physical elimination of Suspended solids, Micro-organisms, Ensures continuous operation, Low foot print, Stable flux, Colloidal species, Turbidity Stable output quality Useful as community water purifier Useful as pretreatment for desalination Technology transferred to 3 parties

  19. Development of Barge Mounted RO Plant for Drinking Water from Sea Water in coastal areas

  20. Some of Membrane based Seawater Desalination Plants in India

  21. SWRO Desalination Plant at Minjur Chennai (India) set up by IVRCL & BEFESA (Spain) on DBOOT Basis Capacity: 100 MLD Source: CMWSSB

  22. Nuclear Energy Driven Desalination Plant based on Hybrid MSF-RO Technology at Kalpakkam Total capacity (MLD): 6.3 Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Capacity (MLD): 4.5 Product water quality (ppm): 2 (distilled quality, good for high end industrial use) Reverse Osmosis (RO) Capacity (MLD): 1.8 Product water quality (ppm): 250 (fit for human consumption) MLD: Million Litres/Day

  23. WASTE WATER RECOVERY & RECYCLE

  24. Industrial Waste Water Management (any capacity KLD to MLD) CONVENTIONAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT Discharge Raw Water Treated Water Effluent Effluent TreatmentPlant Water TreatmentPlant Process WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT USING MEMBRANE PROCESSES Recovered Product Partiallytreatedeffluent Raw Water ProductRecovery Plant (NF) Treated Water Water TreatmentPlant Effluent Process Water Recovery & Recycle Plant (RO) Recycled Water Minimal Discharge Source Reduction Product Recovery Waste Minimisation Water Reuse Integrated Solution

  25. Emerging Trends in Membrane Technology

  26. Charged membranes Ca++ Cl- SO4-- Na+ SO4-- Na+ Cl- Ca++ + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - + Positively charged membrane Negatively charged membrane Quaternary ammonium groups like -N+ (CH3)4 Cl- contribute to the fixed positive charge of the membrane Negatively charged groups like SO3H+, COOH groups contribute to the negative charge of the membranes

  27. Nano-materials of Interest for Water Purification

  28. Selected nanomaterials currently being evaluated as functional materials for water purification Dendrimer (repeatedly branched polymeric species) Zeolite (microporous aluminosilicate materials) Carbon Nano-Tube Metal Oxide

  29. Nanotechnology in Water Purification • Bacteria removal • Anions removal (Arsenite, Arsenate etc.) • Organic contaminants removal • Heavy Metals Removal (Lead, Cadmium etc.)

  30. Carbon Nano-Tubes (CNT) Graphitic sheets rolled into seamless tubes have diameters ranging from about a nanometer to tens of nanometers with lengths up to centimeters have unique electrical, thermal, hydrodynamic and mechanical properties SWNT-A single graphite sheet rolled 1.    Soumitra Kar, R.C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P.K. Tewari, 'Potential of Carbon Nano-Tubes in Water Purification: an Approach towards Development of an Integrated Membrane System', International J. of Nuclear Desalination, Vol.3, No.2, 2008, pp 143-150 2.    K. Dasgupta, Soumitra Kar, Ramani Venugopal, R.C. Bindal, S. Prabhakar, P.K. Tewari, Self-standing Geometry of Aligned Carbon Nano-Tubes with High Surface Area, Materials Letters, Vol. 62, 2008 pp 1989-1992 MWNT-Multiple graphitic sheets rolled

  31. CNT membrane fabrication steps Conformal encapsulation of as-grown aligned CNTs With Polymer/Ceramic Removal of excess material above the CNT array and metallic nanoparticles at the back. HF acid etch to remove membrane from substrate Challenge is to have 12 orders of magnitude of aligned CNTs per sq. cm Opening of CNT tips Using plasma oxidation or acid treatment Hinds, B.J., et al. (2004) Science, Vol. 303, p.62.

  32. Nanocomposite Membranes in Water Purifications Applied pressure: 1.24 MPa Feed concentration: 2000 ppm Effect of zeolite loading on separation performance of synthesized TFC and TFN membranes Journal of Membrane Science, 294, 2007, 1

  33. Challenges & Opportunities in CNT-based Membrane • If carbon nanotube–based membranes can be scaled up and made to exclude salts— it could enable desalination facilities to sharply reduce the amount of energy required to purify water • The CNT based membrane fabrication (scaling up to large size), could be useful industrially for chemical separations • CNT/ceramic composites (instead of CNT-Polymer composites) can be used in the field of high-temperature applications

  34. Challenges & Opportunities in CNT-based Membrane Nanostructured materials are of tremendous interest, from both a fundamental and applied perspective because of: • Exceptional thermal and mechanical stability • High surface area • Reusability with full filtering efficiency regained • Chemical functionalization of the surfaces • Nanotechnology is an emerging field with great opportunities. • Commercialization of R&D work and product development is yet to pickup. • Synergy among different R&D groups and industries is needed. • It is estimated that nanotechnology has potential to create a trillion dollar industry by 2030.

  35. Thanks

  36. Production of the macro architecture of aligned nanotubes for use in filtration applications • Spray Pyrolysis of Benzene-Ferrocene mixture • Macro tube grown composed of aligned CNTs • SEM cross section of Macrotube Srivastava, A., et al. (2004) Nature Materials, Vol. 3, p.610.

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