Animalia

1. Animalia

2. Distinguishing Characteristics • Entirely eukaryotic • Completely multi-cellular • Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers! • All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually • The most diverse of the kingdoms(1 million different species have been named, but it is estimated that there are over 3 million species of animals living on our planet today) • Specialization in tissues and most even demonstrate organ systems. • Mobile ~ move to find food, shelter, or mates(some animals can only move during stages of their lives) • Two Main Divisions ~ invertebrates & vertebrates

3. Method of Reproduction All reproduce sexually, and some can also reproduce asexually Definition: budding - new individuals form from outgrowths (buds) on the bodies of mature organisms. These outgrowths grow by means of mitotic cell division. Remember – yeast (a fungus example reproduces this way. Specific animal example of budding ~ Asexual reproduction in jelly fish ~ budding in hydra (a cnidarian = jelly-fish)

4. Method of Nutrition Completely heterotrophic ~ all animals are consumers!

5. The Good • All animals are good – they are necessary in order to maintain balance in our natural world (a.k.a. ecosystem).

6. The Bad • The animals that we consider bad, are the ones that become problems for us. For example – worms, insects, and rodents/vermin can cause disease and illness in plants, animals & humans. • Ex – tapeworms, pinworms, & hookworms are parasitic; ticks, • mosquitos, fleas, mice, and rats can spread disease • *But even these nasty critters are necessary for maintaining balance in an ecosystem – WHY? • * So other than disease & illness, animals only become problems for us when we intrude into their natural habitat and disrupt the natural balance in an ecosystem or if we purposefully or accidentally introduce a species into a new area were there is no natural competition against the new species. Remember – kudzu? The same thing happens with animals that are brought into a new area with no competition. • So I have to ask you ……… • If there are no bad animals, are their bad humans?

7. Invertebrates • No backbone. • Demonstrate one of three types of symmetry in their body plans ~ bilateral, radial, asymmetrical – see page 380 in your textbook • All (except the sponges) have special tissues that make up fibers called neurons. • All (except the sponges) digest food in a gut that is enclosed in a cavity called a coelom. • Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. Porifera~ sponges Cnidarians~ jellyfish & corals Flatworms ~ planarians, flukes, & tapeworms Roundworms ~ pinworms & hookworms Mollusks ~ snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses Annelid Worms ~ earth worms, leeches, & marine worms Arthropods ~ centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects Echinoderms~ sea stars (starfish), sand dollars, sea cucumbers, & sea urchins

8. Invertebrate Examples PORIFERA = sponges Planaria dactyligera = planarian FLATWORMS = planarians, flukes, & tapeworms CNIDARIANS = jelly fish & corals Taenia saginata = tapeworm Dendrogyra cylindricus = pillar coral

9. More Invertebrate Examples ANNELIDS = earthworms, leeches, & marine worms Lumbricus terrestris = earthworm Hirudo medicinalis = leech ROUNDWORMS = hookworms, pinworms, & whipworms Toxocara canis = dog roundworm MOLLUSKS = snails, slugs, clams, oysters, squids, & octopuses

10. And Even More Invertebrate Examples ARTHROPODS = centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, arachnids, & insects ECHINODERMS = starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.

11. Vertebrates • All vertebrates have a backbone. • Have a well developed head that is protected by a skull • All vertebrates have to live at certain temperatures and have body systems & functions that help maintain a constant internal temperature • Belong to the phylum Chordata (not all chordates have a backbone – lancelets & tunicates) • All chordates do have each of the following four body parts within their lifetime ~ • 1) tail • 2) notochord (stiff but flexible rod that gives the body support) ~ replaced by a backbone late in an embryonic development

12. Vertebrates continued • 3) hollow nerve cord ~ called a spinal cord in vertebrates • 4) pharyngeal pouches ~ all chordate embryos have these pouches that develop into gills, or other body parts as the embryo matures • Examples listed below are listed in order of simplest to complex …. • 0 Fish ~ Jawless fish, cartilagenous fish, and boney fish Amphibians ~ caecilians, newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Reptiles ~ dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocidiles, alligators, snakes, lizards, & tuataras Birds ~flightless, water, perching, & birds of prey Mammals ~ placentals (whales, cats, humans), monotremes (the echidnas & the platypus) , & marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, & opossums)

13. Vertebrate Examples Oncorhynchus mykiss = Rainbow Trout FISH = cartilaginous & bony AMPHIBIANS = newts, salamanders, frogs, & toads Agalychnis callidryas = Red-Eyed Tree Frog Carcharodon carcharias = Great White Shark Rhinella marinus = Cane Toad

14. More Vertebrate Examples REPTILES = dinosaurs, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles, alligators, snakes, & lizards Chamaeleo calyptratus = Yemen chameleon. Agkistrodon contortrix = copper head snake

15. Even More Vertebrate Examples BIRDS MAMMALS Phoencopterus ruber = flamingo Homo sapien = human Equus ferus caballus = domesticated horse