IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION

1. IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION

2. State Standards • US.7 Analyze the movement of people from rural to urban areas as a result of industrialization. • US.9 Describe the difference between “old” and “new” immigrants and analyze the assimilation process and consequences for the “new” immigrants and their impact on American society, including ethnic clusters, competition for jobs, rise of nativism, the work of Jane Addams, the documentation of living conditions by Jacob Riis, Chinese Exclusion Acts, and the Gentlemen’s Agreement.

3. Agenda • On your EQ Paper write this EQ. • EQ 7: Why did people move from rural to urban areas in the U.S. during the 1800s? • Then, get out your TN Ready Vocab sheet. • Analyze Maps • Making Hypothesis • Movement from rural to urban • New Immigrants • EQ Activity

4. Where does the majority of America’s population live in 1860? Why might the majority of people live in this region?

5. What might be some reasons (at least two) for this movement? In which direction does America’s population appear to be moving? Where does the majority of America’s population live in 1880?

6. The Gilded Age experienced massive urbanization In 1850, only 15% of Americans lived in cities… City growth was due to rural Americans moving to cities and immigrants entering the USA …By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities

7. Immigrants • An immigrant is someone who leaves one country (typically their home country) to live permanently in another country.

8. Old New New New Old Immigrant (1): Before 1865, traveled from Northern & western Europe, Protestant in belief, moved to farms, New Immigrant(2): 1870 – 1910, traveled from South/Eastern Europe and Asia, not Protestant, Moved to cities in NW, Unskilled workers.

11. Push Factors • Push Factors= Things that force or“push” someone out of a place or land. • Drought or famine • Political revolutions or wars • Religious persecution • Economic struggles

12. Push Factors • 1880s- Farmers had a difficult time in Mexico, Poland, and China. • 1840s- many wars and political revolutions in China and Eastern Europe which caused economic troubles. • Russian and Eastern European Jews faced religious persecution and fled to the U.S. for safety.

13. Pull Factors • Pull Factors= Things that attract or “pull” people to a place or land. • Plentiful Land • Employment • Religious Freedom • Political Freedom • New Life

14. Pull Factors • 1862 Homestead Act and aid from railroad companies made western farmland inexpensive. • Workers were recruited from homelands to build railroads, dig mines, or work in factories. • Many wanted to find gold.

15. Journey to America • Many immigrants could barely afford a ticket to come to the U.S. • They could only pack what they could carry. (Clothes, photograph, tools for their trade) • Many would wait in line for hours to try to get on a ship and in many cases it was very dangerous to do this.

16. Journey to America • Steerage= Where most immigrants traveled on the ship. • Steerage was located on the lowest decks of the ship with no private cabins, and was dirty and crowded. • Seasickness was an issue in rough weather and illnesses spread quickly in the lower decks.

19. Arriving in America • 2 ports of entry into the U.S. • Ellis Island- New York City • Angel Island- San Francisco Bay • To enter the ports immigrants had to be healthy and show they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them. • They had to go through a series of health tests and evaluations and could possibly be sent back to their homeland if they did not meet proper guidelines..

20. Ellis Island (3)was built in 1892 as the 1st“Immigration Center” located of the coast of NY. Later, closed in the 1940s Today it is a museum. • The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe.

21. Ellis Island • Most European immigrants came through here. (NYC) • 1st and 2nd class passengers were inspected on the ship then released. • 3rd class had to go in to be inspected. • A series of medical and legal inspections would take place before you were allowed to take a ferry in to the city. • Ellis Island was the more welcoming of the two ports.

26. Angel Island (4): 2nd immigration station from 1910-1940, located off the coast of San Fran. Bay. • Most Chinese and Asian immigrants came through here (San Francisco Bay) • Made it very hard for Chinese immigrants to come into the U.S. • Most had to prove they were American citizens to be let in. • Immigrants were sometimes left here for days or weeks in poor conditions.

29. New Immigrants • Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos. • shared the same language, religion, and culture. • By 1890 many cities had a huge immigrant population. 4/5 people in NYC were immigrants.

31. Most American cities were not prepared for such rapid population growth Many urban poor developed lung disease or tuberculosis; About 60% of immigrant babies died before their first birthday Most urban immigrants lived in tenements (5):low rent apartments built the poorest parts of town called slums

32. About 2/3 of immigrants settled in cities, such as New York, Chicago, Boston, or Philadelphia and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos or enclaves Enclaves provided new immigrants with a sense of community and security, as the immigrants were surrounded by the familiar customs, food and language of their homeland

33. Assimilation • Americanization = helping newcomers learn American ways. (Language, customs, dress, and diet) • In many cities Americanization institutions arose to help immigrants fit in. • America became known as the“Melting Pot”. • 1st generation Immigrants usually stuck with their native cultures but children of immigrants (2nd generations) were more likely to adopt American ways.

34. Immigrants Face Hostility • Nativism (6) = belief that native born Americans were superior to immigrants • Competition for jobs and homes often fueled resentment and religious and cultural differences caused tensions as well. • Chinese Exclusion Act (8) = 1882 Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of immigrants in America, and forbade naturalization of Chinese residents. • TheGentleman’s Agreement (9) – 1907 – between Japan and America. Japan agreed to limit the amount of workers leaving and in return America would integrate Asians back into schools in California.

35. Chinese Exclusion Act • Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. • First law to restrict immigration. • Justification: Taking away jobs from Nativists

36. Gentleman’s Agreement

37. These were the beginnings of immigration restriction in America. • Congress also passed other acts that prohibited anyone who was a criminal, immoral, or handicapped. • By 1920 the Quota Law will be passed limiting the amount of people each foreign nation can allow to immigrate to America .

38. Immigrants Change America • Despite the negative feelings towards many of the “New” Immigrant, they were instrumental in helping America’s growth and power. Without them, our Industrial Revolution would not have been possible. • Immigrants changed America in many ways. • Fueled industrial growth • Acquired citizenship • Elected politicians • Made their traditions a part of American culture. • Mexican Americans developed ranching techniques. • Chinese, Irish, and Mexican workers built railroads. • Immigrants worked in coal mines, steel and textile mills, and factories. • Women immigrants worked in factories, seamstresses, laundresses, made piecework, and worked as servants. • Immigrants helped the U.S. become a world power.

40. EQ Paper • Underneath your EQ question – write down what the main idea of the days lesson was? • Then make the term “New Immigrant” into an acronym. • N – nativism is the belief that native born Americans were superior to immigrants • E – Europeans came to America for new opportunities • W – work was a major reason for many New Immigrants to travel to America. • I • M • M • I • G • R • A • N • T