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Chapter 3: Scientific Method

Chapter 3: Scientific Method. MDM NUR DIANA BT MAMAT@MOHAMAD LECTURER OF BIOLOGY. INTRODUCTION. Science Latin word: mean “to know” Process of inquiry that includes repeatable observations and testable hypotheses “heart of science”

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Chapter 3: Scientific Method

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  1. Chapter 3: Scientific Method MDM NUR DIANA BT MAMAT@MOHAMAD LECTURER OF BIOLOGY

  2. INTRODUCTION • Science • Latin word: mean “to know” • Process of inquiry that includes repeatable observations and testable hypotheses • “heart of science” • People asking questions about nature and believing that those questions are answerable

  3. Scientific method • Series of ordered steps • Two type: • Discovery science • Hypothesis-based science /hypothetico-deductive science

  4. Discovery science • Describing natural structure and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation • Led to important conclusion based on type of logic: it called inductive reasoning • Inductive conclusion : generalize the summarizes a large number of specific observation

  5. Example : • Leaf is green. All leaves are green • Rose is red . All roses are red • Leaf have chlorophyll. Leaf is green All leaves have chlorophyll

  6. Hypothesis-based science /hypothetico-deductive science

  7. Hyphotesis = tentative answer or trial explanation • Deductive reasoning • usage of deductive logic to test the hypothesis • Use the general observation to reach specific conclusion • General idea->result

  8. Main step of scientific method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Suggest further experiment Result Result did not support hypothesis Develop theory Result support hypothesis Conclusion

  9. Observation • What you see • Recognize problem • Question • What you want to know • Hypothesis • Tentative answer for some question • Proposed explanation that is testable • Prediction • Logical consequence of hypothesis

  10. Experiment • Having TWO group • Experimental group • 2 group • Test differently • Control group • Standard for comparison with one or more experimental group • example : • Mice in group A (control group) drink distilled water • Mice in group B (experimental group) drink water with drug X • Mice in group C (experimental group) drink water with drug Y

  11. Variable • Can be change • 3 types • Independent (manipulated) • condition or event under study • Set up • E.g : 2km,4km,6km • Dependent • Condition or event that may change due to the independent variables • Eg : result • Controlled • All the other condition and events that investigators attempt to keep the sum

  12. Theory • An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypothesis and supported by large of evidence

  13. Data • Recorded observation • 2 types of data • Qualitative data • Recorded description • Using note, camera etc • E.g. : Jane recording her observation of monkey behavior during field search

  14. Quantitative data • Recorded the measurement (numerical) • Height of building • Weight of animal

  15. Unit of measurement • 1 µm= 0.01 mm • 1nm=0.001µm • 1mm=1000µm=1000000nm

  16. Weight – kg,g • Temperature- ⁰C ⁰C = 5/9 (⁰F-32) • Concentration – mg/L,µg/L • Volume of liquid – liter,mL

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