Psychological Disorders

1. Psychological Disorders

2. People are fascinated by the abnormal, the unusual, and the exceptional. Why? �To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal� William James One reason may be that we/family/friends have felt the pain of a psychological disorder.

3. Where Do We Draw The Line Between Normality and Disorder? How do we define psychological disorders? How should we understand pds. How might we classify pds.

4. Please write down three criteria you believe could be used to define abnormal behavior. You will be using this criteria to determine the relative mental health of a case study you will be given. You might begin by using the prompt "Behavior might be considered psychologically disordered if it is . �

5. Defining Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder- UMAD a �harmful dysfunction� in which behavior is judged to be: atypical- not enough in itself disturbing- varies with time & culture

6. maladaptive- harmful. The key element in defining a disorder. The behaviors must be distressing or disabling or put one at greatly increased risk of suffering or death. Examples: Emotional withdrawal Eating disturbance Sleep disturbance Impulsivity

7. unjustifiable-abnormal behavior is most likely to be considered disordered when others find it rationally unjustifiable. One person says they hear voices. A celebrity could say the same thing and not be thought of as irrational.

8. UMAD

9. Understanding Psychological Disorders

10. Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy- full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal�s blood.

11. Trephining A chipping of holes in the skull to let out evil spirits.

13. Psychological DisordersPerspectives Medical Model Most reliable concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured

14. Nature and Nurture Bio-psycho-social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

16. Quiz Reminder 11.19.10 Covers Motivation and Emotion All multiple choice

18. Classifying Psychological Disorders

19. In biology and the other sciences, classification creates order. In order to study a disorder we must first name and describe it.

21. Psychological Disorders DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association�s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders The DSM-IV defines 17 major categories of �mental disorders�.

22. Labeling Psychological Disorders

23. Multiaxial Classification

24. Sample Classification Example Diagnosis Axis I: 296.84 Bipolar II Disorder, Early Onset. Axis I: 307.51 Bulimia Nervosa, Nonpurging Type. Axis II: 301.6 Dependent Personality Disorder Axis III: 426.00 Complete Atrioventricular Block Axis IV: Child abuse victim, unemployment

25. DSM, cont. Axis V: 28 Based on a 100 point scale 21-30Behavior is considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations OR serious impairment in communication or judgment (e.g., sometimes incoherent, acts grossly inappropriately, suicidal preoccupation ) OR inability to function in almost all areas ( e.g., stays in bed all day, no job, home, or friends ).

26. Why do we label disorders? What might be the disadvantages of labeling?

27. Anxiety Disorders

28. In your spiral, please make a list of your top 5 fears. Penn State Worry Questionnaire

29. Reverse the responses to items 1,3,8,10, and 11

30. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Person cannot articulate reason for anxiety. Heart pounding, cold sweat.

31. Phobia Phobias focus anxiety on a specific object, activity, or situation. Phobias are irrational fears that disrupt behavior.

33. Agoraphobia is literally translated as "fear of the market place." Modern medicine has pinned it down to a fear of having a panic attack and often the fear of having others notice it. Avoiding potentially anxiety producing situations from which escape my be difficult.

34. Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears

35. Discovery Health ChannelPhobia Study Top Ten Fears of Men and Women Combined Snakes Being burned alive Heights Being bound or tied up Drowning Public speaking Hell Cancer Tornadoes and hurricanes fire

36. Top 5 fears of Men Being buried alive Heights Snakes Drowning Public speaking

37. Top 5 Fears of Women Snakes Being bound or tied up Being buried alive Heights Public speaking

38. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) OCD thoughts and behavior cross the line between normality and disorder when they become so persistent that they interfere with the way we live or cause distress.

40. OCD-6 Components that produce common symptoms. Washing- 5, 11, 17 Obsessing- 6,12, 18 Hoarding-1, 7, 13 Ordering-3, 9, 15 Checking-2,8, 14 Mental Neutralizing- 4, 10, 16

41. Anxiety Disorders

42. Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

43. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is both a feeling and a cognition-a doubt laden appraisal of one�s safety or social skill. Freud felt that beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable feelings, impulses, and ideas. This submerged mental energy sometimes produced symptoms such as anxiety.

44. Learning Perspective Fear Conditioning. When bad events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably, anxiety often develops. Researchers have linked general anxiety with classical conditioning of fear.

45. In the lab, they have created chronically anxious, ulcer prone rats by giving them unpredictable electric shocks.

46. Stimulus Generalization Conditioned fears may remain long after we have forgotten the experiences that produced them. A person who fears heights after a fall may be afraid of flying without ever have flown.

47. Reinforcement Once phobias and compulsions arise, reinforcement helps maintain them. Avoiding or escaping the feared situation reduces anxiety. Compulsive behavior also reduces anxiety.

48. Observational Learning We might also learn fear from observing others� fears. Monkeys and humans can transmit their fears to their offspring/children.

49. Evolution. Humans appear to be biologically prepared to fear dangers faced by our ancestors. Most our phobias focus on objects like-spiders, snakes, etc. Fear can be a healthy thing.

50. Many of modern day fears have evolutionary explanations. Fear of flying may also come from our biological past, which predisposes us to fear confinement and heights.

51. Genes. Some people seem genetically predisposed to particular fears and anxiety. Identical twins often develop similar phobias.

52. Physiology GAD, panic attacks, and even OCD are biologically measurable as an over arousal of brain areas involved in impulse control. PET scans of persons with OCD show an unusually high activity in the frontal lobe just above the eyes.

53. Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

54. Mood Disorders

55. In the Western world, more and more youth and younger adults have suffering depression.

56. Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Characterized by emotional extremes Two principal forms

57. Depression Depression is the �common cold� of psychological disorders. Although phobias are more common, depression is the #1 reason that people seek mental health services.

58. Anxiety v. Depression Depression is a signal for us to stop and reflect on why we are feeling threatened. In a way the suffering makes sense. Automatic Thoughts Survey

59. Survey highlights most important symptoms Desire for change-14 and 20 Negative expectations-3 and 24 Low self-esteem-17 and 18 Helplessness-29 and 30

60. Scores Range from 30-little to no depression 150-maximum depression

61. Depression can affect memory When we are in a bad or sad mood, we are more likely to remember unpleasant events. I am going to read you a series of individual words. After each word I am going to pause so that you can think of a past experience you associate with that word. Please write down that experience in a sentence or two if you have the time.

62. 1st Form- Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities Combine the anguish of grief with jet lag. More women suffer from major depression than men.

63. "Good morning, Eeyore," said Pooh."Good morning, Pooh Bear," said Eeyore gloomily."If it is a good morning," he said, "Which I doubt," said he.A.A. Milne, The House at Pooh Corner

64. 2nd Form: Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. Sometimes people rebound to the opposite end of the spectrum. formerly called manic-depressive disorder

65. One of mania�s maladaptive symptoms is grandiose optimism and self-esteem. During a manic episode, a person might impulsively quit a job, charge up huge amounts on credit cards, or feel rested after sleeping two hours.

66. During a depressive episode, the same person might be too tired to get out of bed and full of self-loathing and hopelessness over being unemployed and in debt.

67. Bipolar disorder is especially common in creative artists. Examples: Ernest Hemingway, George Frederic Handel, Walt Whitman, Edgar Allan Poe, Virginia Woolf, and Mark Twain

68. Causes of Bipolar Disorder The causes of bipolar disorder aren�t completely understood, but it often runs in families. The first manic or depressive episode of bipolar disorder usually occurs in the teenage years or early adulthood.

69. Explaining Mood Disorders Depression and its causes has the subject of thousands of studies. Psychologists are working to develop theories for the causes of depression.

70. The Biological Perspective Researchers believe that depression is a whole-body disorder It involves genetic predispositions, biochemical imbalances, melancholy moods, and negative thoughts.

71. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. Drugs that relieve depression tend to increase norepinephrine or serotonin by blocking their reuptake. Prozac, Zoloft. Physical exercise also increases serotonin.

72. Modern scanning procedures can spot neurological signs of depression. Recent studies show that the brains of depressed people are less active in a depressed state.

73. Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings

74. The Social-Cognitive Perspective Some people slide into depression even when things are going well. Biological factors accompany psychological reactions to experience. The mind�s negative thoughts somehow influence biochemical events that amplify depressing thoughts.

75. Mood Disorders-Depression Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

76. This self-defeating attitude may come from learned helplessness. Animals and humans act depressed, passive, and withdrawn after experiencing uncontrollable painful events. Women more often than men have been abused or made to feel helpless.

77. Negative Moods Feed Negative Thoughts Self-defeating thoughts, self-blame, and attribution support depression. But do they cause depression?

78. Suicide Each year � of million people choose suicide as a permanent solution to what may be a temporary problem. To find out who commits suicide, researchers have compared the suicide rates of different groups.

79. Racial Differences. White Americans are nearly twice as likely as black Americans to kill themselves.

80. Gender Differences. Women are more likely than men to commit suicide.

81. Age Differences. Due partly to better reporting, the known suicide rate among 15-19 year olds has more than doubled in the US since 1950. It now nearly equals the traditional suicide rate among adults.

82. Other Group Differences. Suicide rates are higher among: The rich The nonreligious Those who are single, widowed, or divorced.

83. In most Native American communities, youth suicide rates are three times higher than the U.S. national average. Randy Grinnell, the Indian Heath Service Deputy Director, said it�s essential to detect early warning signs and treat mental illness to prevent suicides.

84. On Monday, February 12 2007, the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention released its Annual Summary of Vital Statistics. Inside the report, suicide rates for children � and especially teens � appeared to have rose dramatically over a one-year time period, 2003 to 2004.

85. Mood Disorders- Suicide

86. What Cause Suicide? Risk factors for suicide include mental disorder (such as depression, personality disorder, alcohol dependence, or schizophrenia), and some physical illnesses.

87. Neurological disorders, cancer, and HIV infection are a major risk factor for suicide in Europe and North America;

88. In Asian countries impulsiveness plays an important role. Suicide is complex with psychological, social, biological, cultural and environmental factors involved.

89. Somatoform Disorders These disorders occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. A person experiences a physical problem in the absence of a physical cause.

90. Hypochondriasis: Physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. Patient may believe that a minor problem, like a headache, are indicative of a severe illness even when no evidence of an illness exists.

91. Conversion-Patient reports the existence of a severe medical problem such are paralysis or blindness. No biological reason for this problem can be located.

92. Causes of Somatoform Disorders -Psychodynamic -Behaviorists

93. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

94. Psychogenic Fugue: Now called Dissociative fugue �traveling fugue It involves one or more episodes of sudden, unexpected, but purposeful travel from home during which people cannot remember some or all of their past life, including who they are (their identity). These episodes are called fugues.

96. Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder People with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other terrible childhood trauma.

97. Causes of Dissociative Disorders Freud Behaviorists Cases of DIDs are rare outside the US.

98. Revisit What are the mood disorders? What are the somatoform disorders? What the dissociative disorders?

99. PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can occur after you have been through a traumatic event.

100. Anyone who has gone through a life-threatening event can develop PTSD. These events can include: Combat or military exposure Child sexual or physical abuse Terrorist attacks Sexual or physical assault Serious accidents, such as a car wreck. Natural disasters, such as a fire, tornado, hurricane, flood, or earthquake. After the event, you may feel scared, confused, or angry. If these feelings don't go away or they get worse, you may have PTSD. These symptoms may disrupt your life, making it hard to continue with your daily activities.

101. Symptoms of PTSD Reliving the event (also called re-experiencing symptoms) Avoiding situations that remind you of the event Feeling numb Feeling keyed up (also called hyperarousal) Youtube

102. Psychotic Disorders Schizophrenia Mapping Brain Tissue Loss in Adolescents with Schizophrenia. This map reveals the 3-dimensional profile of gray matter loss in the brains of teenagers with early-onset schizophrenia, with a region of greatest loss in the temporal and frontal brain regions that control memory, hearing, motor functions, and attention

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104. Schizophrenia What forms does schizophrenia take? And what are its possible causes.

105. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation �split mind� a group of severe disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions

106. Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations-Disturbed Perceptions false sensory experiences, perceiving things that are not there. Usually auditory Hearing voices.

107. Inappropriate Emotions Laughing when recalling a death in the family

108. Types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is not a single disorder. It is a cluster of disorders. The subtypes share common features but also have distinguishing features.

109. Schizophrenia

110. Symptoms Positive symptoms (Presence): Patients may experience hallucinations, are often disorganized, and deluded in their talk. Negative symptoms (Absence): Patients may have toneless voices, expressionless faces, rigid bodies.

111. Understanding Schizophrenia If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer. Most recent studies link it with brain abnormalities and genetic predispositions.

112. Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities-Dopamine Overactivity, Problems with brain structures. Viral connection Genetic connection Psychological triggers Birth Complications

113. Schizophrenia

114. Personality Disorders

115. Some maladaptive behavior patterns impair people�s social functioning without anxiety, depression, or delusion. For society the most troubling of these is the antisocial personality disorder.

116. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

117. Borderline Personality Disorder persons with this disorder present instability in their perceptions of themselves, and have difficulty maintaining stable relationships. Persons with borderline personality disorder often feel as though they lacked a certain level of nurturing while growing up and, as a result, incessantly seek a higher level of caretaking from others as adults.

118. Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder The most troubling impulsive disorder. Formerly called a sociopath or psychopath

119. Disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

120. Dennis Lynn Rader (born March 9, 1945) murdered ten people in an around Wichita, between 1974 and 1991. He was known as the BTK killer (or the BTK strangler), which stands for "bind, torture and kill�. He sent letters describing the details of the killings to police and to local news outlets during the period of time in which the murders took place. After a long hiatus in the 1990s, Rader resumed sending letters in 2004, leading to his 2005 arrest and subsequent conviction.

121. In comparing the brains of murderers with people of similar age and sex, research has shown reduced activity in the frontal lobes of the murderers.

122. Personality Disorders PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer�s frontal cortex

123. Rates of Psychological Disorders How prevalent are the different psychological disorders? Does the risk of having a specific disorder vary with one�s ethnicity or gender?

124. Findings Incidence of psychological disorders is doubly high among those below the poverty line. Those who experience a psychological disorder usually do so by early adulthood.

125. Personality Disorders

126. Rates of Psychological Disorders