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Lecture 18 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011

Lecture 18 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011. N. R. Brown. Outline. The Partner-Discrepancy – Part 2 History & Autobiographical Background Living-in-History Project. USA Population Surveys-- Tess. USA Population Surveys – TessW & TessT.

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Lecture 18 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011

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  1. Lecture 18 – Psyco 350, B1Fall, 2011 N. R. Brown

  2. Outline • The Partner-Discrepancy – Part 2 • History & Autobiographical • Background • Living-in-History Project Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 2

  3. USA Population Surveys-- Tess Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 3

  4. USA Population Surveys – TessW & TessT TESS -- Time-sharing Experiments for the Social Sciences NSF funded program – Survey-based Experiments Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 4

  5. USA Web-based Surveys – TessW & TessT US data collection: 2004 TessT: Sample: stratified sample; random digit dialed telephone survey TessW -- Knowledge Network Panel: RDD  recruit panel members Members receive free hardware & internet service Sample drawn at random from panel. Data collect via web-based questionnaire. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 5

  6. Method -- Tess Estimates # of SP –Three Versions Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu Sexual orientation Two attitude questions Rate embarrassment Rate truthfulness of response Rate bias of responses Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 6

  7. Method -- TessW Estimates # of SP – Three Versions Control: “Please report your number of lifetime sexual partners” Approx: “Off the top of your head, please provide a rough estimate of your number of lifetime sexual partners.” Enum: “Please think back over your lifetime starting with your first sexual partner and count all of your sexual partners up to and including your most recent partner.” Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 7

  8. Method -- Tess 2. Indicated estimation strategy – Strategy Menu I just now thought back over my lifetime and tried to remember and count each sexual partner. I made a rough guess, plus or minus a few sexual partners. It was a very small number, so I just knew. I keep a running tally of my number of sexual partners and I remembered this number (for example, I use a diary or I have been keeping track in my head over time). I thought about the number of different sexual partners who I’ve been with in an average year and multiplied by the number of years that I’ve been sexually active (for example, about 5 a year for 5 years equals 25) I used some other method to come up with my response. Please specify: Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 8

  9. Method -- Tess 3. First Attitude Question I believe a relationship should form before someone has sex. 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 9

  10. Method -- Tess 4. Second Attitude Question I would only have sex in the context of a serious relationship. 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 10

  11. Method -- Tess 5. Rated embarrassment I felt embarrassed answering the questions about my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 11

  12. Method -- Tess 6. Rated truthfulness of response I was truthful in my report of my number of lifetime sexual partners 1=Agree 2=Disagree 3=Neither strongly somewhat strongly somewhat Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 12

  13. Method -- TessW 7. Rated bias of the estimate. In terms of report of my number of lifetime sexual partners, I think that: I greatly under-reported I slightly under-reported I was accurate in my report I slightly over-reported I greatly over-reported my number of lifetime sexual partners Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 13

  14. Research Questions Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 14

  15. Research Questions -- Tess Will the strategy difference replicate? Mode Effects: Will web-based administration decrease the discrepancy? Will web-based administration affect strategy selection? Will self-ratings yield self-incrimination (SI)? Will the partner discrepancy & strategy differences disappear when SIs removed? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 15

  16. Research Questions -- Tess Mode Effect: Anonymity promotes disclosure. Discrepancy: Web < Telephone Web conventions (“flaming trolls”) condone exaggeration. Discrepancy: Web > Telephone Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 16

  17. Research Questions -- Tess Will instructions affect strategy choice? If so: Will the instructional effect be a large one? Will instructions effect (decreases) the discrepancy? Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 17

  18. Results • The Sample • Strategy Differences • The Discrepancy • Attitudes Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 18

  19. The Samples Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 19

  20. Sample – TessT(elephone) • Sample: n = 1641 • Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report • Retained: 87.1% Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 20

  21. Sample – TessW(eb) • Sample: n = 1893 • Relevant Subset: heterosexual, sexually experienced provided: SP estimate & strategy report • Retained: 89.5% Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 21

  22. Classification of Respondents Sexually-experienced Heterosexuals (SeH): Tel – W 86.6% Tel – M 87.5% Web – W 90.3% Web – M 88.7% Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 22

  23. Self-Incriminators • Defining Self-Incriminators (SIs) • Truthfulness Response: NR, 1, 2, or 3 • SIs uncommon -- % Se H • Telephone – Women 3.7% • Telephone – Men 3.7% • Web – Women 5.3% • Web – Men 6.5% Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 23

  24. Tr(uth) SeH Samples Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 24

  25. Strategy Differences Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 25

  26. Strategy Selection: Sex Differences *** *** *** *** *** * Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 26

  27. Strategy Selection: Mode Differences *** *** *** *** + Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 27

  28. Relation between Strategy & SPs: Sex Differences *** *** *** *** Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 28

  29. Relation between Strategy & SPs: Mode Differences *** *** *** * Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 29

  30. Replicating the Partner Discrepancy Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 30

  31. Distribution of SPs Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 31

  32. Distribution of SPs Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 32

  33. Mean SP • Effects: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex * • SIs unimportant Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 33

  34. Median SPs • Women: Web > Tel • Men: Web = Tel • SIs unimportant Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 34

  35. Outliers (Se Hs) Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 35

  36. Mode Effects: Sex & Mode Differences Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 36

  37. Mode Effect: SP ≥ 10 Effects: • Sex*** • Mode*** • Mode X Sex*** ================= • Web-♀ almost twice as likely to indicate at least 10 SPs as Tel-♀ • For ♂s, no effect of Mode. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 37

  38. Attitudes Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 38

  39. Are people more embarrassed on the phone? Modens Sexns Mode X Sexns Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 39

  40. Does mode affect attitude response? Question #1: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex+ ============== Question #2: Mode*** Sex*** Mode X Sex+ Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 40

  41. TESS Summary: Strategies • Multiple strategies used • Sex & strategy selection: • Approximation: ♂ > ♀ • “Just Know”: ♀> ♂ • Mode Effects: • “Just Know”: Web > Tel • Other: Tel > Web Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 41

  42. And Finally… Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 42

  43. The Discrepancy Reduced/Eliminated in 20’s Cohort Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 43

  44. TESS Summary: Strategies • Estimate related to strategy • Aprox > Enum > JK • SPs & Aprox: ♂ > ♀ • SPs & Aprox for ♀: Web > Tel Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 44

  45. TESS Summary: Mode Effects • Self Incrimination: Web > Tel • Attitudes: Web > Tel • Embarrassment: Web = Tel Web promotes disclosure. Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 45

  46. TESS Summary: SP • Replicate Discrepancy • Sex X Mode Interaction Consistent w/ Social Desirability Account • Sex X Cohort Interaction Memory/Behavioral Differences Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 46

  47. Conclusions • Three-pronged Account necessary • Direct evidence for • Strategy Differences • Social Desirability • Sampling • PSW – “conspicuous by their absence” Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 47

  48. Questions Why do men favor rough approximation? Memory Motivation Distributional Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 48

  49. Personal Memories & Public Events Believes about recent Psyco 350 Lec #18– Slide 49

  50. Memory & Public Events (Biased) Beliefs about past: • Referred to as “Collective Memory” • Memory in the World • Memory in the Head • Part of group identity • Often caused by & central to between-group conflict. • Much Memory-in-the-World research • Little Memory-in-the-Head research Psyco 350 Lec #15– Slide 50

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