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Lecture 14 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011

Lecture 14 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011. N. R. Brown. Outline. Semantic Memory Network Models The Nelly Study Scripts/Schemata 2. Discrepant Partner Reports and the MSP The Discrepancy MSP. Neely (1977). Basic Premises: 2 components to priming Automatic component:

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Lecture 14 – Psyco 350, B1 Fall, 2011

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  1. Lecture 14 – Psyco 350, B1Fall, 2011 N. R. Brown

  2. Outline • Semantic Memory • Network Models • The Nelly Study • Scripts/Schemata 2. Discrepant Partner Reports and the MSP • The Discrepancy • MSP Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 2

  3. Neely (1977) Basic Premises: 2 components to priming Automatic component: • fast, effortless, unaffected by intention/expectation Controlled component: • Attentional, Slow, Effortful, • Benefits (if correct) • Costs (if incorrect) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 3

  4. Neely (1977) Goal: Contrast automatic & controlled priming Task: Lexical Decision -- Timed Word/Non-word Decision Trial: Prime  Target  Response SOA RT SOA = Stimulus Onset Asynchrony Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 4

  5. Neely (1977): Design Prime-Target* Expectation X Relation X SOA . No Shift 250 msec Shift 400 msec 700 msec 2000 msec * see next slide Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 5

  6. No Shift Trials: See Bird as prime expect a bird name as target. 1. Neutral XXXX -- robin 2. No Shift BIRD -- robin 3. Shift (unexpected) BIRD -- arm Shift Trials: See Building as prime, expect a Body Part as target. 1. Neutral XXXXX -- window 2. No Shift BUILDING -- window 3. Shift (expected) BUILDING -- leg 4. Shift (unexpected) BUILDING -- robin Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 6

  7. No Shift Trials: See Bird as prime expect a bird name as target. 1. Neutral XXXX -- robin 2. No Shift BIRD -- robin 80% primed trials 3. Shift (unexpected) BIRD -- arm 20% primed trials Shift Trials: See Building as prime, expect a Body Part as target. 1. Neutral XXXXX -- window 2. No Shift BODY -- leg 10% primed trials 3. Shift (expected) BODY – window 80% primed trials 4. Shift (unexpected) BODY – robin 10% primed trials Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 7

  8. Neely (1977): Results A Priming Effect: Neutral Trials - Primed Trials Two Type of Priming Effects: • Facilitation Effects -- Positive Priming • Priming effect is positive -- Neutral > Primed • Inhibition Effect -- Negative Priming • Priming effect is negative -- Neutral < Primed Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 8

  9. Neely (1977) Results – NO Shift Expected • No-shift, same-category pairs (Bird-robin): • Substantial facilitation at all SOA. 2. Shift, different-category pairs (Bird-arm): • Inhibition increases with SOA Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 9

  10. Neely (1977): Results – Shift Expected 1. Expected Shift(BODY –door): • Facilitation increases with SOA 2. No-shift, same-category (BODY -- heart): • Facilitation at smallest SOA • Increasing inhibition at longer SOAs Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 10

  11. Neely (1977): Results – Shift Expected 1.Expected Shift (Building-leg): • Facilitation increases with SOA 2. No-shift, same-category pairs (Building-window): • Facilitation at smallest SOA • Increasing inhibition at longer SOAs 3. Shift to unexpected category (BODY - robin) • Inhibition at all SOAs • Inhibition increases with SOA Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 11

  12. Neely (1977): An Explanation 1. Automatic Spreading Activation: • Originates at prime, spreads to related concepts, decays rapidly. 2. Attention required to maintain activation over longer SOAs. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 12

  13. Neely (1977): An Explanation 3. Focusing attention on one category: • facilitates (primes) processing of category members • interferes with the processing (reading/word recognition) of items from other categories Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 13

  14. Neely (1977): An Explanation 4. In the Shift-Expected condition, subjects shift attention to & maintain attention for cued category • It takes time to shift attention to new category. • Once attention is shifted, focus is on the new category. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 14

  15. Neely (1977): An Explanation Shifting categories takes times. Maintaining focus on indicated category: • facilities processing of focal category members • reduces attentional resources required to read & decide whether letter string is a word. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 15

  16. Semantic Networks & Priming • Semantic Network • general knowledge representation • based on relatedness, meaning-based similarity • Spreading Activation • automatic consequence of processing a related information • preparation for encountering the expected • Activated concepts sometimes equated w/ consciousness & focal elements of WM (Cowan) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 16

  17. Schemata & Scripts Schemata: • Complex, stable knowledge structures • occupations, geographical/architectural layouts, story structures, etc. Scripts: Schemata representing stereotypical event sequences Assumption – this knowledge is represented in semantic memory & used extensive in planning, comprehension, and recall (reconstruction) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 17

  18. Schemata Bartlett 1st to recognize importance of schemata. “War of the Ghosts” Study • English undgrads read a North American Indian legend twice. • Recalled the story once after 15 min and then over of the course of several month Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 18

  19. Bartlett – War of the Ghosts Main Findings: • Reproduction distorted in ways that brought the story increasing in lines with European: • narrative conventions • beliefs re: physical & biological causality Interpretation: • Participants combined fragmentary story memory with schematic knowledge to reconstruct a “sensible” story. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 19

  20. Schemata: General Findings When present: • Schema-consistent info, well remembered • Schema-inconsistent info, less well remembered. When NOT present: • Schema-consistent info often falsely remembered (schema-driven reconstruction) • Schema-inconstant info generally not falsely remembered Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 20

  21. Recognizing Script-based Materials: Hannigan & Reinitz (2001) • Schemata that capture general information about routine event sequences • Eating in a restaurant, attending a movie, a visiting a doctor’s office, attending class, going to the beach • Scripts identify central (& less central) actions & typical (& atypical) roles, & props. • When not specified (or experienced) central actions & typical roles & props inferred/reconstructed Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 21

  22. Hannigan & Reinitz (2001): Method Materials: • four 13-slide sequences • a sequence represented one script-based activity (e.g. grocery shopping) • including • HIGH schema-relevant items (e.g. get shopping cart) • LOW schema-relevant items (e.g., put food on belt) • Presentation: 5.5 s/slide Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 22

  23. Hannigan & Reinitz (2001): Method Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 23

  24. Hannigan & Reinitz (2001): Method Test Phase: 0-to-5 Recognition Confidence Judgment on each slide: • 0 = certain slide not seen • 5 = certain slide was seen Design: Item Type X Schema-relevance X Delay OLD high 15 min NEW low 48 hr Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 24

  25. Hannigan & Reinitz (2001): Results For OLD items: • Reco very good • high > low For NEW items @ 15 min delay: • high > low • tendency to infer/reconstruct stronger for high-relevance items Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 25

  26. Hannigan & Reinitz (2001): Results Effect of Delay: • OLD items: memory still very good • False recognition  greatly for high-relevance items Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 26

  27. Semantic Memory: Main Points Semantic networks can represent simple facts and reflect conceptual similarity/relatedness Semantic priming is well established process • serves to prime related information Schemata/scripts – complex, stable knowledge structures • captures generalizations re: complex, but regular features of experience. • facilitate/bias perception & memory Challenge: Develop detailed extensions of these notions to deal with full range of knowledge domains & modalities Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 27

  28. Memory for “How Many” Modal explicit memory test: • Memory for “what” Other explicit memory test focus on event properties: • when – event age/date/recency, list position • where – physical location • physical properties – appearance/sound/smell • how often/how many – frequency Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 28

  29. Memory for “How Many” Theoretical Issues: • Understand the impact of repetition on memory. • Why is frequency performance often very good? • How is frequency information represented, updated, & used? • How and when is frequency information used to inform probability judgments and prediction? Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 29

  30. Memory for “How Many” Practical Issue: • Self-reported “behavioral frequency” questions common in surveys & scales. • business, government, Social Sciences, medicine (epidemiology) • When are estimates accurate/inaccurate? • When/why are they inaccurate/biased? • Is there anyway to improve accuracy? Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 30

  31. A Commonly Asked Frequency Question Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 31

  32. Importance • Epidemiology • Sociology • Psychology • Methodology ♂SPs = ♀SPs SP = sex partner Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 32

  33. ♂SP Mean = ♀SP Means F M F M F M F M F M Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 33

  34. ♂SP Mean = ♀SP Means F M F M F M F M F M (♀SP = 2) = (♂SPs = 2) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 34

  35. ♂SP Mean = ♀SP Means F M F M F M F M F M Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 35

  36. ♂SP Mean = ♀SP Means F M F M F M F M F M (♀SP = 2) = (♂SPs = 2) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 36

  37. The Discrepancy ♂s report far more opposite-sex SPs than ♀s Magnitude: • 2 X – 4X Generality: • US, UK, France, Canada, Norway, New Zealand Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 37

  38. SP Discrepancy as Case Study: Explanations Sampling Response Social Cognitive Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 38

  39. Sampling Account (Brewer, et al 2000) • Prostitutes under-sampled • Support: • adjustment = estimate[# CSW]* estimate [# partners/CSW] • adjustment reduces discrepancy • Problems • implication: For ♂s,≈75% SP are CSWs • Wiederman (1997) – removing “Johns” reduces discrepancy slightly, but does not eliminate it. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 39

  40. Social Account: Self-Presentation Bad-faith Explanations • Respondents are "telling themselves and others enormous lies“ -- Lewontin • "Intentional misreports are the main source of the discrepancies.” -- Smith Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 40

  41. Social Account: Self-Presentation Bad-faith Explanations Assumed to Reflect a socially prescribed Directional Biases The-Macho-and-the-Maiden Hypothesis: • ♂ exaggerate • ♀ minimize Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 41

  42. The Social Account: Support Intuition Robust attitude differences (Oliver & Hyde, 1993) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 42

  43. The Stakes Bad-Faith Partner Estimates Undermine credibility of self-report placing "all scientific sociology...in deep trouble” -- Lewontin Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 43

  44. A Problem for the Social Account Problem: • Non-discrepant response patterns are the norm -- duration, frequency, activities, # past-year SPs • Example: Laumann et al. (1994) Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 44

  45. A Cognitive AccountThe Multiple Strategies Perspective Links the discrepancy to between-sex differences in strategy use. Identifies common strategies w/ explicable bias • Enumeration underestimation • “Rough Approximation”  overestimation Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 45

  46. Multiple Strategy Perspective • multiple strategies • multiple representations • encoding  content • content  strategy • strategy  performance References: • Blair & Burton, 1987; Brown, 1995, 1997, 2002, in press; Burton & Blair, 1991; Conrad et al, 1998, 2003; Menon, 1993. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 46

  47. encoding factors contents strategy effort bias accuracy Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 47

  48. Multiple Strategy Perspective • Encoding factors determine task-relevant contents of memory. • Contents of memory restrict strategy selection. • Strategy selection and response bias often related. Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 48

  49. An Empirically Derived Taxonomy of Frequency Estimation Strategies Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 49

  50. Relating Encoding, content, strategy & Performance Psyco 350 Lec #14– Slide 50

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