Wine Grape

1. Wine Grape Application of the Phytomonitoring techniques forirrigation control of vineyards Phytech Ltd.

2. Phytomonitoring is the operational information channel based on direct measurement of plant water state and growth

3. Recommended setup for Wine Grapes Stationary Data Concentrator 1 x RS-TIR-4R Solar Radiation Sensor (optional for Penman calc.) 1 x RS-ATH-5R Air Temperature and Humidity Sensor RS-WSM-1R Wind Speed Meter (optional for Penman calc.) Portable Data Shuttle 3 x RS-SD-6 Trunk Diameter Sensor (0 to 5 mm stroke) 1 x RSD-SMS-2R SMS PhytoGraph™ Software

4. Why Phytomonitoring? • Plant water status is a main factorof berry quality!!! Illustration by Jordan Koutroumanidis, Winetitles.

5. Why Phytomonitoring? • Plant water status is a main factorof berry quality!!! • Physiological indicator integrates soil moisture availability, evaporative demand, leaf area as well as vine drought tolerance C. van Leeuwen, X. Chone, O. Tregoat and J.P. Gaudillere. 2001. The use of the physiological indicators to assess vine water uptake and to manage vineyard irrigation. The Australian Grapegrower and Winemaker Journal. 449: 18 – 24.

6. Why Phytomonitoring? • Plant water status is a main factorof berry quality!!! • Physiological indicator integrates soil moisture availability, evaporative demand, leaf area as well as vine drought tolerance • Application of the regulated deficit irrigation requires a fine-tuned irrigation policy D.I. Jackson and P.Lombard. 1993. Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality: A review. American Journal of Enology and viticulture. 44: 409 - 430.

7. Why Phytomonitoring? • Plant water status is a main factorof berry quality!!! • Physiological indicator integrates soil moisture availability, evaporative demand, leaf area as well as vine drought tolerance • Application of the regulated deficit irrigation requires a fine-tuned irrigation policy • Maintenance of desiredplant water status is imposable without operative control, which needs continuous monitoring of plant water status Y. Ton and M. Kopyt.2004.Phytomonitoring in Realization of Irrigation Strategies for Wine Grapes. Acta Horticulturae. 652: 167 - 173.

8. Two practical Phytomonitoring techniquesfor adjusting irrigation regime of Wine Grapes • Adjustment and/or validation of the irrigation scheduling • When to begin irrigation season? • How to evaluate effectiveness of irrigation volume? • How to adjust irrigation schedule? • What time is better for watering? • How to use irrigation in case of air drought? • Post-veraison monitoring of stem water potential

9. 0 6 8 20 Maximum Daily Shrinkage increase 43 Depression of Daily Maximum increase 50 63 70 Adjustment and/or validation of the irrigation regime Development of plant water deficit as a result of soil water depletion:

10. Adjustment and/or validation of the irrigation regime Development of plant water deficit as a result of soil water depletion: 0 6 8 20 5 2 0 6 0 Maximum Daily Shrinkage increase 37 43 Depression of Daily Maximum increase 43 50 42 49 53 63 70 More intensive irrigation regime is applied to prevent plant water stress

11. Calibration procedure in use of pressure chamber Post-veraison monitoring of stem water potential What is need? • Trunk diameter monitoring data

12. Midday SWP data • Predawn SWP data Post-veraison monitoring of stem water potential What is need? • Trunk diameter monitoring data • Calibration procedure in use of pressure chamber • Calculation of water potential

13. SUMMARY • The recommended Decision Support Unit (DSU) for wine grapes includes: • 3 x Trunk diameter sensors • 1 x Soil moisture sensor • 1 Air temperature and Humidity sensor • Optional Solar radiation sensor and Wind speed sensor for those who deal with Penman model for evapotranspiration. • This DSU allows: • Adjust/validate irrigation regime in trial-and-error mode. • Monitoring of water potential (in combination with pressure chamber technique).