Functions: Provides oxygen to the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide

3. Functions: • Provides oxygen to the bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide • Enables sound production or vocalization as expired air passes over the vocal chords

4. Organs: • Nose—where air enters and exits the system • -Nasal hairs called vibrissae filter larger particles such as dust that otherwise might be inhaled • -Nasal chamber warms and moistens the air

5. Trachea—passage way to lungs

6. -Epiglottis—a flap of tissue at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing

7. Adam’s Apple Your Adam’s apple is the lump you can feel at the front of your throat. It is caused by the cartilage of the voice box (a tough, elastic material) bulging forwards. If you put your fingers on your throat, you can feel your Adam’s apple moving up when you swallow. It is larger in males after puberty because their voice box is larger. -Your Adam’s apple is actually your larynx, otherwise known as your voice box.

8. Lungs—organ used for exchange of gases from bloodstream

9. - Bronchi—short tubeswhich direct air into the right and left lungs • - Bronchioles—millions of smaller tubes that branch off each bronchi • - Alveoli—tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole where oxygen is put into the blood and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood by diffusion • - Capillaries—tiny blood vessels at the end of each alveoli that carries the blood supply (wrapped around alveoli)

10. Accessory Organ: Diaphragm—sheet-like muscle that forms an airtight seal between the thoracic and abdominal cavity (It moves to fill and empty lungs of air.)

11. Respiration: • The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the environment • Ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs are known as external respiration • Gas exchange between the blood and other tissues is known as internal respiration

12. To Sum it Up… When air is breathed in through the nose, it is: -FILTERED by the hairs at the entrance to the nose and by mucus. -WARMED by blood vessels passing close to the lining of the nose. -MOISTENED by water vapour. 2. The air passes into the lungs down a tube called the TRACHEA. This is made up of rings of CARTILAGE and is protected by a flap of skin called the EPIGLOTTIS which closes when we swallow in order to prevent food from going down the TRACHEA. Occasionally this doesn’t happen and we have all experienced feeling “choking” when food goes down the wrong way.

13. 3. At the bottom of the trachea are 2 branches called the BRONCHI, through which air passes into either lung. Smaller and smaller branches, called BRONCHIOLES, extend out from the bronchi and at the very ends of these they form tiny sacs called ALVEOLI. 5. The walls of the alveoli are so thin that gases pass through them into the surrounding CAPILLARIES and bloodstream.

14. Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm

15. Heart Notes (Circulatory/Cardiovascular System)

19. Atrium = A Ventricle = V Right Side Left Side Aorta Hint: Right is not RED! Pulmonary Artery A A Left atrium Right atrium V V Left ventricle Right ventricle

20. To body Right Side Left Side To lungs From body To lungs From lungs From lungs From body

21. Components of Blood: Plasma • Liquid part of blood—90% of plasma is water • Blood cells are suspended in plasma Red blood cells • Transport oxygen to body tissues • Contain hemoglobin—protein that binds to oxygen in lungs and transports it to body tissues • Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

22. White blood cells • Associated with the immune system • Engulf and digest bacteria and other pathogens • Do NOT contain hemoglobin • Platelets • Cell fragments that release proteins called clotting factors to slow bleeding and begin healing • Clusters of platelets “stick” together around a wound to form scabs

25. Immune System

26. Immune System Functions: • Body’s main defenseagainst pathogens (disease causing agents) • Recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” each type of pathogen that enters the body • Resistance of an organism to infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion (pathogens)—this process is called immunity

27. Defense Mechanisms: • Skin—keeps pathogens out of body—pathogens can only enter and multiply where skin is broken • Mucus, saliva, tears, oil and sweat contain chemicals that kill bacteria • Acid and digestive enzymes in stomach destroy pathogens

28. If pathogens do enter body they multiply quickly and release toxins • Inflammation—millions of white blood cells are produced to engulf and destroy pathogens (pus and swelling) • Body produces chemicals that cause fever—increased body temperature slows down or stops growth of bacteria

29. Antigens—identifying molecule on surface of pathogens (specific) • B-cells and T-cells recognize specific antigens and respond to them in order to destroy the pathogen

30. Antibodies are proteins carried in the bloodstream that are produced to recognize and bind to specific antigens in order to stop infections • Injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity is known as a vaccination (vaccine)

31. AIDS: • AIDS results from a viral infection (HIV) that destroys helper T-cells • As the number of T-cells decreases, normal immune response breaks down and the body cannot fight infections • Total number of AIDS deaths worldwide is 25 million people (2007 statistics)

32. HumanImmunodeficiency VIRUSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV) (AIDS) HIV is a virus that kills helper T-cells and causes the AIDS disease.