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BIOLOGY OF HUMAN AGING

. . . . Reproductive System of HumansReproductive Functions of Female:Produces eggs (ova)Receives spermIncubates and nourishes the embryo and fetusGives birthAll of these processes are regulated and coordinated by hormones secreted by:HypothalamusPituitary glandOvaries. . . . . Reproductive System of HumansMajor Organs of Female Reproductive System:Ovaries: Produce ova and sex hormones.Follicles: A single egg with surrounding cells that nourish and protect it..

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BIOLOGY OF HUMAN AGING

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    1. BIOLOGY OF HUMAN AGING CHAPTER 14 The Reproductive System

    2. Reproductive System of Humans Reproductive Functions of Female: Produces eggs (ova) Receives sperm Incubates and nourishes the embryo and fetus Gives birth All of these processes are regulated and coordinated by hormones secreted by: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Ovaries

    3. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Female Reproductive System: Ovaries: Produce ova and sex hormones. Follicles: A single egg with surrounding cells that nourish and protect it.

    4. Frontal View of Female Reproductive System

    5. Side View of Female Reproductive System

    6. Female Reproductive System: Ovulation & Oogenesis: After puberty, each month one immature egg (oocyte), is released from ovary. Pituitary hormone FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) causes a follicle to enlarge. Another pituitary hormone LH (luteinizing hormone) causes the secondary oocyte to be released by the ovary during ovulation.

    8. Major Organs of Female Reproductive System: Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes): Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus. Fertilization

    10. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Female Reproductive System: Uterus: Incubates the embryo/fetus. Endometrium: Inner mucous lining, which thickens each month in preparation for pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, endometrium breaks down and is discharged during menstruation. If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the endometrium which supports its growth until the placenta develops.

    11. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Female Reproductive System: Cervix: Lower portion of the uterus, which projects into the vagina. Vagina: Thin walled, muscular chamber. Receives the sperm and penis Acid pH kills bacteria and sperm cells External structures: Clitoris: Equivalent to male penis. Labia minora: Skin folds that border vaginal opening. Labia majora: Protect entire genital region.

    12. Stages of Female Reproductive Cycle

    13. Reproductive System of Humans Reproductive Functions of Male: Produces sperm Delivers sperm to female reproductive tract All of these processes are regulated and coordinated by hormones secreted by: Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Testes (Sing. Testis)

    14. Side View of Male Reproductive System

    15. Front View of Male Reproductive System

    16. Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Testes: Paired male gonads. Produce sperm through spermatogenesis, which produces four sperm cells of equal size. Spermatogenesis occurs in a vast system of hollow tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm

    17. Spermatogenesis Occurs in Seminiferous Tubules of Testes

    18. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Epididymus: Large coiled tube that surrounds testes. Stores sperm while they develop fertilizing ability and motility (about 20 days). Vas Deferens: Long muscular ducts from scrotum to back of bladder. During ejaculation, the sperm pass from epididymus into these two ducts.

    19. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Ejaculatory Duct: Short duct after two vas deferens ducts unite. Urethra: Deliver sperm to the exterior. In males, urine and sperm pass through the urethra.

    20. Reproductive System of Humans Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles (2): Secrete fluid that nourishes sperm. Thick, clear, alkaline fluid. Contains: Fructose: Provides energy for sperm motility. Sperm cells become highly motile when mixed with this fluid.

    21. Accessory Glands: Produce semen. Prostate gland: Produces a thin milky secretion. Largest of semen secreting glands. Produces an antibiotic that may prevent urinary tract infections in men.

    22. Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Accesory Glands: Produce semen. Bulbourethral glands (2): Release a mucous secretion that lubricates penis and facilitates its entry into vagina.

    23. Major Organs of Male Reproductive System: Penis: organ that delivers sperm to female body. Composed of three cylinders of erectile tissue. During sexual arousal, the penis fills with blood from the arteries. Erection is essential for penetration. Impotence is the inability to maintain an erection. May be caused by alcohol, drugs, illness, and/or emotional problems. Viagra acts by relaxing smooth muscle of penis blood vessels, allowing blood to enter erectile tissue.

    24. Age-related changes Changes in Men Decrease in size and firmness of testes with aging Decline in the secretion of testosterone Decline in number of sperm cells Degeneration of some seminiferous tubules Fibrous connective tissue formation increases between the tubules? diminish blood supply ? atrophy Semen volume reduced with aging Prostate gland often enlarge with aging Seminal vesicles decrease in weight and storage capacity A decrease in secretory activities of Bulbourethral glands Atrophy of penis ? loss of elasticity? problem in erection

    25. Age-related changes Changes in Women Reduced amounts of estrogens and progesterone being secreted Cessation of the menstrual cycle? signal beginning of menopause Changes in follicle cells in the ovaries? unable to respond to FSH and LH Symptoms associated with onset of menopause: Hot flashes, sweating, and red patches as a result of irregular dilation and constriction of blood vessels. Atrophy of ovaries and increase formation of fibrosis. Degeneration of follicles (follicular cysts) Reproductive organs tend to decrease in size Uterine tubes become thin and undergo weaker peristaltic contraction. Also more infections. The vagina becomes narrower and shorter. Loss of elasticity and dryness of vagina due to less secretion of glands associated with female reproductive organs. Hormonal and other observable changes

    26. Age-related Dysfunctions Cancer Atrophic Vaginitis Prolapse of the Uterus Impotence Diminish Sexual Functioning

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