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Exercise Science Section 1: The Anatomical Position

Exercise Science Section 1: The Anatomical Position. An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9. The Anatomical Position. Anatomical position : Anatomists and physiologists view the human body in this standard starting point

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Exercise Science Section 1: The Anatomical Position

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  1. Exercise ScienceSection 1: The Anatomical Position • An Introduction to Health and Physical Education • Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen • ISBN 1-55077-132-9

  2. The Anatomical Position • Anatomical position: Anatomists and physiologists view the human body in this standard starting point • Body in an upright standing position • Face and feet pointing forward • Arms at side and forearms fully supinated (palms facing forward)

  3. Anatomical Planes • Anatomical Planesrelate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another: • Transverse plane: • Divides the body into superior and inferior segments • Sometimes referred to as a cross-sectional view • Sagittal plane: • Divides the body into right and left segments can be (millions of sagittal planes are possible) • Mid-sagittal plane – divides the body into two perfect halves at the mid-line • Frontal (coronal) plane: • Divides the body into anterior and posterior segments

  4. Anatomical Axes • Anatomical Axesare used to describe the direction of movement at joints: • Longitudinal (polar) axis: • In a “north-south” relationship to the anatomical position • Horizontal (bilateral) axis: • In an “east-west” relationship to the anatomical position • Antero-posterior axis: • In a “front-to-back” relationship to the anatomical position

  5. Basic Movements Involving a JointFlexion - Extension • Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones • Extension: increasing the angle between two bones

  6. Basic Movements Involving a JointAbduction – Adduction – Lateral Flexion • Abduction: moving away from the midline • Adduction: moving towards the midline • Lateral Flexion: moving the spine or neck away from the midline (also sometimes called abduction)

  7. Basic Movements Involving a JointRotation - Internal Rotation - External Rotation • Internal rotation: rotating inward towards the midline (also called medial rotation) • External rotation: rotating outward away from the midline (also called lateral rotation) • Rotation: moving a part around an axis

  8. Basic Movements Involving a JointCircumduction • Circumduction: circular motion (combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction)

  9. Basic Movements Involving a JointSupination - Pronation • Supination: lateral rotation of the hand and forearm • Pronation: medial rotation of the hand and forearm

  10. Basic Movements Involving a JointProtraction - Retraction • Protraction: moving in a forward (anterior) position • Retraction: moving in a backward (posterior) position

  11. Basic Movements Involving a JointDorsiflexion - Plantar Flexion • Dorsiflexion: pointing the foot upward • Plantar flexion: pointing the foot downward

  12. Basic Movements Involving a JointOpposition and Reposition Opposition: moving thumb toward the fingers Reposition: returning thumb back to anatomical position

  13. Basic Movements Involving a JointDepression - Elevation Depression: lowering a part Elevation: raising a part

  14. Basic Movements Involving a JointInversion - Eversion Inversion: moving the sole of the foot toward the median plane Eversion: moving the sole of the foot away from the median plane Inversion

  15. In terms of RUNNING: Some salespeople will refer to the “gait” or running pattern using the following terms: Pronation = dorsiflexion + abduction + eversionSupination = plantarflexion + adduction + inversion

  16. Describing Position and Movement • Anterior: front surface of the body • Posterior: back surface of the body • Superior: refers to structures being closer to the top of the body (excluding limbs) • Inferior: refers to structures being closer to the lower part of the body (excluding limbs) • Medial: towards the midline or mid-sagittal • Lateral: away from the midline or mid-sagittal • Proximal: towards the upper segment of a limb • Distal: towards the lower segment of a limb

  17. Other Terms: (these aren’t in your workbook!) Deep - away from the surface/further into the body Superficial – on the surface or shallow Supine – lying with the back surface downward (face-up) Prone – with the front surface downward (face-down)

  18. Relationship Between Axes and Planes

  19. Finding Axes and Planes • Axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement • In the anatomical position: all flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in the transverse plane • More involved movements usually occur as a combination of motions from more than one plane Longitudinal Axis 90o Transverse Plane

  20. Twirling • What is the axis of rotation? • What is the plane of motion? • Longitudinal/Polar axis • Transverse plane

  21. Various Planes of Movement

  22. Various Planes of Movement

  23. Read chapter 1 and complete the following pages in your workbook for tomorrow: Page 13, 14, 15, 16

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