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Biological basics of sexuality

von Kunnert -Wernhart, Hatzinger , Braun & Pichler. The small difference. Biological basics of sexuality. „The small difference“. Genetically basics Karyotype Anatomy female & male Puberty Reproductive organs Hormone s and sex / Menstrual cycle. „The small difference“.

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Biological basics of sexuality

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  1. von Kunnert-Wernhart, Hatzinger, Braun & Pichler The small difference Biological basics of sexuality

  2. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics Karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  3. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics Karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  4. Process of making a cell culture sterile Nutrient solution Taking of blood samples from the arm vein Stimulation of mitosis (37°C) Culture of leucocytes Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

  5. Prepare the chromosomes Stopping the mitosis with colchicine Adding of distilled water Fixation and centrifugation Centrifuged leucocytes Bildquellen: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4, http://www.liesing.at/laab/Landschaft_2/Herbstzeitlose.jpg

  6. Microscopy Placing a drop on a microscope slide Human chromosomes (enlarged 700 times) Counting and photographing Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

  7. Karyotype Centromere region chromatids karyotype Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

  8. Karyotype Organize chromosomes in a karyotype:CLICK http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/disorders/karyotype/karyotype.cfm

  9. Drag & drop exercise (in PPT Normalansicht) Sex chromosomesdiploid: XX XY XX XY Parents: Sex chromosomeshaploid: X X X Y Y Y Gametes: Autosomes: or or 22 22 22 22 44 44 Offspring: 44 44 Where do they fit? Bildquelle: Klett CD-Rom Mediothek Menschenkunde 4

  10. X- & Y-Chromosome Bildquelle: http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology

  11. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  12. Reproductive organs Click on theicons!

  13. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  14. Development ofreproductive organs  Female fertility  Puberty http://www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/consumer/index.php to the FILL-IN EXERCISE

  15. Exercises • Bearbeite den deutschsprachigen Lückentext zum eben gesehen Film:http://www.eduhi.at/dl/100054.htm • View the animation from the BBC page about puberty: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/

  16. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  17. Testis/TestesHoden • Situated in the scrotum (Hodensack) • is divided in many separated parts, where very small tubes (about 1000/testis) are situated. • About 300 million sperm cells are produced per day. (!) • Produces the male sex hormone (Testosterone) (which are also produced in a minor quantity in man and woman in the cortex of suprarenal gland) • Sperms Samenzellen • Development needs about 20 days • they consist of a head (holds the genetic material), a midpiece (with energy for moving) and a tail (for movement) Bildquelle: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

  18. EpididymisNebenhoden • Sperms are stored and made resistant against outer impacthere starts the • Vas deferensSamenleiter • 2 of them • about 50 cm long and ducts into the • SeminalvesicleSamenblase/Bläschendrüse • Secretes an alkaline fluid, which initiates themovement of the sperms • ProstateglandVorsteherdrüse/Prostata • Produces another secret (milky) • at sexual excitement the muscles contract and closethe urethra (that prevents the simultaneous exit of sperms and urine) Bildquelle: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

  19. UrethraHarnröhre is mainly a duct for urine and sperm of the man • PenisGlied it contains three erectile tissues, which fill up with arterial blood at sexual excitement; especially the glans penis (thickened end part) contains many axons and is therefore very sensitive; the foreskinacts as a protection Bildquelle: http://www.physiciansselect.com/male-sexual-libido-booster.htm

  20. What does it mean? (connect pairs) Erektion Ejakulation Pollution Kastration Eunuch Sterilisation Libido Potenz Entfernung der Hoden nächtlicher Samenerguss Fähigkeit zum Geschlechtsverkehr Versteifung des Glieds sexuelles Verlangen Samenerguss Durchtrennung der Samenleiter (bzw. Eileiter) Durch Entfernung der Hoden vor der Pubertät

  21. Sperm & egg cell The egg cell or ovum is the biggest cell in the human body (0,2 mm, visible to the naked eye). Sperms and egg cells are also called gametes. Semenconsists predominantly of secretionof three glands and certainly sperm cells. The amount of sperms determine the chance of pregnancy. Bildquelle: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

  22. Fallopian tubeEileiter • Receive egg cells after ovulation • Are ducts which connect the ovaries with the uterus (only some mm in diameter) • Sometimes scarred over  possibility of tubal pregnancy (Eileiterschwangerschaft) • If both tubes are blocked only in vitro fertilization is possible (test-tube baby) • UterusGebärmutter • Size of an hen's egg • Wall made of smooth muscles (are active at labor (Wehen) and menstruation) • Layed out with mucous membrane, which dimension varies within one month • the part which reaches into the vagina is called thecervix (Muttermund), mucus inside helpsas protection against germs • VaginaScheide • Muscular tube, with mucous membrane inside • Hymen Jungfernhäutchen closes the opening of the vagina (function: protection) Bildquelle: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

  23. Eierstock (Ovary) erzeugen Östrogene (estrogen) und Gestagene (progesterone) und Eizellen bei der Geburt enthalten sie 400.000 unreife Eizellen, ab der Pubertät reift davon eines pro Monat heran (Meiosis) Reifung erfolgt im Follikel (follicle) Bläschen mit Flüssigkeit) dieser bildet Follikelhormone (Östrogene) und platzt beim Eisprung, so dass die Eizelle in den Eileiter gespült wird (Bauchhöhlenschwangerschaft ist möglich!) Rest des Follikels wird zum Gelbkörper (corpus luteum), der Progesteron erzeugt die weiblichen Geschlechtshormone haben die Aufgabe, die Gebärmutterschleim-haut auf ein eventuell befruchtetes Ei vorzubereiten OVARIES wird die Eizelle... • befruchtet, nistet sie sich ein; der Gelbkörper bleibt bis zum 4. Monat erhalten, danach bildet die Plazenta die Gestagene (Schleimhauterhalt!) • nicht befruchtet, stirbt sie ab, der Gelbkörper bildet sich nach 14 Tagen zurück; es kommt zur Regelblutung, eine neue Eizelle reift heran Bildquelle: http://www.mallig.de

  24. Female fertility  Female fertility  Menstruation & Conception http://www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/consumer/index.php

  25. Labia majora, Labia minora and clitoris • Contain (like the penis) erectile tissues, which is filled up with blood during sexual excitement; the flow up of the blood over veins (Venen) is prevented • The clitoris is rich of nerve cells and therefore very sensitive, touching can lead to orgasm • Glands (Bartholinische Drüsen) at the base of the labia minora secrete at sexual excitement a fluid which keeps the vagina moist and decreases friction Bildquelle: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/

  26. „The small difference“ • Genetically basics karyotype • Anatomy female & male • Puberty • Reproductive organs • Hormones and sex /Menstrual cycle

  27. HORMONES regulate the menstrual cycle: „The cycle starts in the brain“ Pituitarygland Quelle: http://www.gnis-pedagogie.org/img/doc2/tete.gif

  28. Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum - suppresses FSH - release - suppresses FSH & LH - release + stimulates LH - release produces FSH (=follicle-stimulating hormone) LH (=luteinizing hormone) LH and FSH together trigger ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Causes maturation of the follicle in the ovary Estrogen Progesterone Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to get thicker Bildquelle: http:// www.baby-bonus.de

  29. Hormones of the menstrual cycle Hormones produced by the pituitary Hormones produced by the ovaries Bildquelle: www.kinderwunsch.ch

  30. Hormonal control system • Hormones Hormonal control system http://www.by-choice-not-chance.com/scripts/en/consumer/index.php

  31. 2 possibilities: • The egg cell is not fertilized: corpus luteum withers and the uterine lining is shedding. Menstrual bleeding begins and with it the next cycle 2) The egg cell is not fertilized: the uterine lining starts to release gonadotropin so the corpus luteum remains and produces further on progesterone Pregnancy strip tests look for the presence of the hormone gonadotropin in human urine - which is later on produced by the placenta.

  32. Hormonal contraceptives . . . . . . contain sex hormones which act in a similar way to the estrogens and progesterone produced by the body and pretend a pregnancy. So the production of FSH and LH in the pituitary are suppressed. Vaginal-ring The pill Implanon Bildquellen: Scheiden Ring: http://www.planningchrr.com Pille und Implanon aus: www.m-ww.de (Medicine worldwide)

  33. Try to fill in the missing wordson the next transparencies:

  34. Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum - suppresses FSH - release - suppresses FSH & LH - release + stimulates LH - release produces LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to get thicker Bildquelle: http:// www.baby-bonus.de

  35. Ovulation egg cell Corpus luteum - suppresses - release - suppresses & - release + stimulates - release produces FSH (=follicle-stimulating hormone) LH (=luteinizing hormone) LH and FSH together cause ovulation The rest of the follicle develops to the corpus luteum Regulates the growing of the follicle in the ovary Estrogen Progesterone Lining of the uterus is stimulated to growand to get thicker Bildquelle: http:// www.baby-bonus.de

  36. Weitere Quellen Bildquelle Hintergrundbild:http://nolte-net.de/images/witze/vergleiche/tn_male_female.gifwww.mallig.de • http://www.verhuetung-abc.de • www.g-netz.de • Timm, Michael: „Gesundheit in • Frage und Antwort“, Midena- Verlag, Augsburg 1997 • de Bernabe, Dr. E. G., „Schülerwissen aktuell“, Tosa- Verlag, Wien 1998 • Brenner, Klaus- Ulrich: „Der Körper des Menschen“, Weltbild- Verlag, Augsburg 1996 • „Atlas der Anatomie“, Buch und Zeit Verlagsgesellschaft, Köln 1990

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